The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake
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11 pages in length. It was at 5:04 P.M. on Tuesday, October 17, 1989, and more than sixty-two thousand fans were inside Candlestick Park for the third game of the World Series. At the same time the San Francisco Bay Area commute started into its heaviest flow. It was exactly at this time that a Richter magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck California. It was, as some have described it, an emergency planner's worst-case scenario. This paper considers some of the major challenges faced during this disaster. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: JGAquake.wps

The Atacama Desert
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This 11 page paper provides an overview of the Atacam Desert. The Atacama Desert of Northern Chile is considered by some to be the driest desert in the world. The distinctness of the phy1ical characteristics of this desert come from both location and landforms, and this also determines the nature of the desert as a biome. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHAtacam.rtf

The Basic Principles of Physics: An Examination of the Contentions of Nineteenth Century Physicist Albert Michelson
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A 4 page examination of Michelson's contention that in regard to physics "most of the grand underlying principles have now been firmly established and that further advances are to be sought chiefly in the rigorous application of these principles to all the phenomena which come under our notice". The author contends that Michelson's contention is still applicable even today. While we continue to make "astonishing" discoveries, we have yet to conclusively demonstrate that the basic physical processes underlying those discoveries significantly deviate from the basic physical principles known by Michelson. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPphysic.rtf

The Benefits of Integrated Pest Management
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5 pages. The purpose of integrated pest management is to utilize the management of destruction by pests to crops and other agriculture with as little damage to the environment as possible. By using a system of integration we can cut down on the harmful chemicals and poisons that often harm the ecological balance. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: JGAipest.rtf

The Benefits of Using Fluorite in Jewelry Making
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This 3 page paper discusses the mineral fluorite and its use in making jewelry. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: HVFlrite.rtf

The Big Bang Theory
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This 3 page paper discusses the Big Bang Theory that explains the beginning of the universe. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: HVBigBng.rtf

The Bioaccumulation of Toxins in the Canadian Arctic
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This is an 8 page paper discussing the bioaccumulation of toxins in the Canadian Arctic. Presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which include pesticides, industrial compounds, and combustion by-products are one of the major environmental and health concerns within the Canadian Arctic regions today. Measurement of POP bioconcentration or bioaccumulation levels within the Arctic have determined that the toxic contaminants primarily do not originate within the Arctic and therefore are transported there through air or water currents or migratory animals. The contaminants are considered persistent because they are able to exist for a great length of time and can tolerate many conditions. POPs are also lipophilic in which they are concentrated in the fats of animals. Because of this, bioaccumulation levels are higher in those animals which are higher on the food chain such as humans and polar bears as the contaminants get passed on through the digestion of the fat of animals with POPs in their system and makes them an extreme health hazard. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: TJtoxic1.rtf

The C.R.E.S.T. Warning System
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This 5 page paper discusses the C.R.E.S.T. early warning system for tsunamis and earthquakes. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: HVTsunam.rtf

The Cumberland Gap
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This 4 page report discusses the formation and discovery of the Cumberland Gap. Near the point where Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee meet, a natural passage, almost 20 miles long and 1.7 miles wide, was formed through the Cumberland Mountains, part of the southwestern division of the Appalachian Mountain system. Once thought to be a wind gap, the gap was actually formed by the erosive action of a stream that once flowed southward from present-day Middlesboro to join the Powell River. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BWcumber.wps

The Detection of Planets Using Microlensing
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Microlensing has been described as the most suitable earthbound tool for detecting planets of low mass in distant galaxies by observing the effect their gravity has on the light of nearby stars. This 5 page paper considers the astronomical tool, how it works, some of the potential problems and the results it has yielded. The bibliography cites 11 sources.
Filename: TEmiclen.rtf

The Ecological Regions of Texas
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7 pages. Texas has eleven distinct ecological regions that are described in this paper. Scientific evidence shows that global warming is indeed occurring because of human activities. This paper shows the relationship between the global warming and Texas' ecological regions, and how they would be affected if a 10-degree increase in global warming were to occur. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: JGAtxeco.rtf

The Effect of Salt on Boiling Water
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A Literature Review: 5 pages. The effect of salt on boiling water is an interesting phenomenon. This literature review describes five articles that deal with this subject and give various fact and figures regarding salt and boiling water as well as explanations regarding the reason we have two types of temperature measurements, Celsius and Fahrenheit. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAsalts.rtf

The Effects of the 1997-98 El Nino on Coral Reefs: Bleaching, Sea Surface Temperatures and Other Factors
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This is a 9 page paper discussing the effects of El Nino on the world’s coral reefs in addition to other factors. Excessive and sudden high sea water temperatures, El Nino, have a devastating effect on the coral reefs in over 100 countries around the world. High sea surface temperatures cause a disruption of enzymes in the coral’s zooxanthellae which then create toxic byproducts which kill the living coral resulting in a whitening or bleaching effect. Coral bleaching has been used in the last decade to study the changes in marine ecosystems using methods which include a combination of marine and satellite imagery efforts. The El Nino of 1997-98 was particularly destructive to the coral reefs as over 16 percent were instantly bleached in that year. In addition to the effects of sea temperatures rising, El Nino and human environmental factors, over 27 percent of the world’s coral reefs have been severely damaged. While it has been found that 30 percent may be recovering from the 1997-98 El Nino disaster, some reefs found in the Caribbean have shown no signs of recovery since 1998. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: TJelnin1.rtf

The End of the Universe: Trefil's Theories on and Ending Involving Fire Verses Ice
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A 4 page discussion of the question of whether our universe will end in fire or ice. The author reviews the predictions of James S. Trefil to conclude that there is no definitive answer as to whether the universe will ultimately end in fire or ice, only speculation and opinion. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPuniver.rtf

The Endangered Species: Ivory from Elephants
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5 pages. The African elephant is threatened with extinction and the trade in their ivory was forbidden in 1989 by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). There is still, however, a serious poaching problem because ivory remains to be a highly sought after product. The implications of this illegal trade and the demand for it is discussed along with the organizations and groups that are involved. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAivory.rtf

The Future of Geography
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This 5 page paper examines two different articles on geography as a discipline. Are external factors more influential than in the past? Why is this the case? How the discipline is viewed and why things should change are issues examined in the scope of this thoughtful piece. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: SA519geo.rtf

The Garnet / A Geological Overview
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A 5 page review of the gem stone garnet. Includes information on its geology, associated species of minerals, and its processing. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Garnet.wps

The Gas Between the Stars
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This 7 page paper provides an overview of an article by Reynolds published in the Scientific American. This review is followed by a collection of informatin about specific terms used in the article. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHNewtonStuff.rtf

The Geological Rock Cycle
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A 5 page discussion of the geological rock cycle. Clarifies that that cycle is composed of three major processes, the igneous, the metamorphic, and the sedimentary processes and delineates the various components of each. Includes a diagram retrieved from the Internet which illustrates the processes involved in this cycle. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PProckCy.wps

The Geology of Biscayne National Park (Florida)
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A 4 page description of limestone and reef formation in Biscayne National Park. The author describes processes and the complex ecology that has resulted. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPgeoBis.rtf

The Geology of Hydrothermal Vents
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A 9 page discussion of the unique geology of hydrothermal vents. The subterranean processes which result in these vents also results in the expulsion of numerous minerals to the surface of the ocean floor. These mineral deposits form distinctive features which are potentially valuable not only from an aesthetic and ecological standpoint but mining standpoint. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPocnVn2.rtf

The Geology of the Grand Canyon
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A 6 page paper discussing the stratification and geological history of this haven for geologists. The allure for geologists is that the canyon itself is geologically very young, but that the formations through which it is cut are very old. This gives insight to the geological record that otherwise would not be possible. The paper discusses the stratification and geological history of the canyon. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSGrCanyon.wps

The Geology of the Manitou Springs Formation
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16 pages. The purpose of this paper is to explain the geological history and significance of the Manitou Springs formation in Colorado. Also included will be the area referred to as the Garden of the Gods in Colorado Springs, Colorado. These geological sites are made up of a myriad of interesting formations forming over millions of years. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: JAmnitou.rtf

The Great Dying
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5 pages in length. The Great Dying is historically known as a period of time two hundred and fifty-one million years ago where the earth suffered significant and overwhelming devastation. The most intriguing aspect about this mass extinction of plant and animal life is that scientists still have no concrete evidence why such a phenomenon occurred. That the planet lost more than ninety percent of all marine plant and animal life, as well as nearly seventy percent of all land species, makes one ponder the underlying spiritual reasons for such havoc. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCgrtdy.wps

The Greenhouse Effect; Causes and Solutions
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This 6 page paper looks at the problem of global warming defining and describing some of the possible causes, such as carbon dioxide, water vapour and the natural temperature cycles. The paper also considers some of the proposed solutions to these problems. The bibliography cites 9 sources.
Filename: TEglowar.wps

The Holographic Principle
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A 5 page review of the holographic principle. Moving from an explanation using a shadow on the wall as an explanation of this theory, the author progresses to a more technical explanation involving cosmological theory. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPhologr.rtf

The Hubble Telescope and the Ongoing Argument over the Hubble Constant
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This 7 page report discusses the Hubble Telescope and the one question that remains regardless of how any single scientist, researcher, astronomer, or politician feels about the overall Hubble project -- that is the controversy about the size of the Hubble constant, and the size of the universe. The Hubble constant represents the expansion rate of the universe, which is used to calculate the age of the universe. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: BWhubble.rtf

THE IMPACT OF THE CALIFORNIA FOREST FIRES
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This 5 page paper analyzes the problem, history, impact of the California forest fires. Solutions and potential corrections offered. Bibliogrpahy lists 2 sources.
Filename: MBcalifires.rtf

The Impact of Volcano Eruptions on Global Climate
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This 5 page paper consider the evidence that volcano eruptions have an impact on the global climate and weather patterns. The writer examines the evidence for a cooling effect as well as the hypothesis for long term global warming by depletion of the ozone layer. The bibliography cites 3 sources.
Filename: TEvolcan.rtf

The Importance of Astronomy and Galileo to Western Civilization
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This 3 page paper considers the importance of astronomy, and especially Galileo, to the development of Western civilization. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: HVAstGal.rtf

The Installation, Data Acquisition and Reduction of the Mass Flow Rate of a Solar Collector
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This 7 page paper considers the problem of assessing the mass flow of a solar collector and proposes a specific technical process by which this can be achieved. This paper relates a design proposal to complete this task. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHengine.wps

The Long-Term Effect of the Development of the Atomic Bomb: Environmental and Sociological Impacts at Los Alamos and Trinity
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An 8 page overview of the societal and environmental legacy of the 1945 development and testing of the Atomic Bomb. Outlines the impacts to the ecologies of these areas as well as to the human inhabitants. These impacts have been both environmental and community-based. An entire community grew up around the Los Alamos Lab and this community is still integrally connected to both the past and the present activities of the Laboratory. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPnukeEn.wps

The Lowly Tuna Sandwich: Its Ecological and Physiological Relevance to Man
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An 8 page analysis of the components of the tuna sandwich. Breaks the sandwich down into each of its components comparing them ecologically and evolutionary to man. The paper then concentrates on the molecular components of the sandwich, noting the particularly of the passage of elements such as starches and sugars through the digestive system of the human body. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPfoodAn.rtf

The Moon's Orbit Around the Earth
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5 pages. The student's assignment was to research the orbit of the moon by noting the shape of the moon, recording the date and time, and by using various forms of measurement formulating an opinion as to the shape of the moon's orbit around the earth. This paper gives some excellent information regarding the relationship of the moon to the earth and the sun, and the reasoning behind eclipses. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAorbit.rtf

The Nature of Species:
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This 9 page paper discusses the nature of species. Specifically, this topic is presented in relation to essentialism and anti-essentialism viewpoints. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: GSSpecies.rtf

The Origin of Life
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A 5 page paper which presents a general overview of the origins of life. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAorigin.wps

The Petrochemical Industry in Saudi Arabia
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This 6 page paper examines the petrochemical industry in Saudi Arabia looking at the level of importance of the industry, the types of oil, locations of the oil fields and the level of oil reserves and the current and future capacity of the industry in Saudi Arabia. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEpetsaudi.rtf

The Physics of Computation: Classical Versus Quantum Computing
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This 7 page paper provides an overview of the physics of computation, with a specific view of the comparison between classical and quantum computing. This paper considers the elements that direct man's perceptions of the physics of computation and relates these through a view of quantum mechanics and quantum computing. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHquantu.wps

The Planet Venus: An Overview
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A 5 page paper which examines different aspects of the planet Venus. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: RAvenus.rtf

The Possibility of A Major Earthquake in the New York City Area
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A 3 page paper on the geology of the northeastern United States and the extremely serious -- although unlikely -- earthquake that could occur with respect to Cameron's Line (Bronx area), the prevalence red brownstone and red sandstone in the Palisades, and NYC's location a long a major tectonic plate. Specific locations for the possible earthquake and its resulting damage are described in considerable detail. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Quakesnj.wps