Physical Features Of Mount St. Helens And Mount Etna
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This 6 page report discusses the physical features of Mount St. Helens in southwestern Washington State and compares it briefly with Mount Etna in Sicily. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Physfeat.wps

Pima County Arizona
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8 pages in length. The writer discusses the human aspect (population, ethnic diversity, economics) and physical geography (habitat, climate, vegetation) of Pima County, Arizona. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: TLCcnty.rtf

Piotr Alekseyevich Kropotkin’s “Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution”
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This 8 page report discusses the theories of Piotr Alekseyevich Kropotkin (1842-1941), a Russian geographer, social philosopher, and political anarchist. Kropotkin’s work and observations of the natural world convinced him that creatures survived when they supported one another but had to face an enormous amount of pain and dissension when they turned on one another. Such thinking flew in the face of the popularity of Social Darwinism and served as a significant philosophical contention. “Mutual Aid” was primarily written as a rebuttal to Thomas Huxley’s essay titled “The Struggle for Existence in Human Society.” Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BWkropot.wps

Planet Hunters May Rival Indiana Jones.
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(5 pp) "Or it might have formed from a large burp of matter from its host star, or maybe a passing star just left a chunk of itself behind at some time in the past, "Marcy said. "It may even have moons around it, but I just don't know what to call it." Sounds like conversation from a discarded sci-fi novel, doesn't it? How about that is real conversation from January of this year (2001). Geoffrey Marcy of the University of California, at Berkeley, calls himself a "planet hunter." He and his team have located "something,"123 light-years from Earth, is indeed a planet, it would be the largest ever detected. This guy is so big we don't know what to call it," Marcy said. Bibliography lists 3 sources and 2 visuals of expoplanets.
Filename: BBplthtr.doc

Plant And Animal Species In The California Desert
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6 pages in length. The California desert is not conducive for just any life form, but rather only those who have effectively undergone the necessary physiological adaptations that allow them to withstand extreme heat and cold. Indeed, it can readily be argued that heat is not the only prerequisite for desert environment, inasmuch an arctic-like atmosphere is just as much a part of the desert since its water source is locked within the ice structures. Therefore, there are two distinctly separate entities of life forms that exist within the desert landscape: the heat-adapted and the cold-adapted. Bibliography lists 9 sources and 5 small charts.
Filename: TLCCalDs.rtf

PLANT PROFILE: BETULACEAE
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This 5 page paper profiles the Birch tree and all in the betulaceae family. Profile includes taxonomy, uses (medicinal, agricultural) as well as research, cultivation and legends. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MBbirch.rtf

Plate Tectonics
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A 5 page discussion of plate tectonics and the phenomenon's influence on the formation of the various features of the earth's topography such as the Himalayan Mountains. Emphasizes that the process is ongoing and that the mountains continue to grow to this day. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPhimala.wps

Plate Tectonics
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A 7 page paper discussing the theory of plate tectonics. Citing the works of various key theorists, the write describes how exploring plate tectonics helps us to better understand the validity of Continental Drift. Bibliography lists five sources.
Filename: Platet.wps

Pollan's Botany of Desire
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This 6 page paper examines points made in this book. The paper supports the idea that while the organic fruits and vegetables are a known entity, they are sprayed with pesticides and are not safe, so it makes more sense to choose the genetically engineered fruits and vegetables. No additional sources cited.
Filename: SA909new.rtf

Positive Aspects Combining Nature and Technology
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5 pages. The introduction of bioengineering into the mainstream of science and technology has been nothing more than a natural progression. To be sure, there is a definite need for such advancement if humanity is to endure the climate changes that are affecting the very food crop upon which people depend. Additionally, the advantages of bioengineering within the medical industry have proven indispensable for its groundbreaking discoveries and applications with regard to sustaining health in the human body. There is no question that bioengineering represents mankind's ability to overcome some of nature's most ravaging aspects in order to continue -- and even enhance -- life as we have known it thus far. Without the influence of bioengineering, humanity's food supply and medical advances would suffer greatly. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAntrtc.wps

Possibility of Extraterrestrial Life
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An 8 page paper which researches the possibility of extraterrestrial life. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAet.rtf

Prioritizing NASA Projects
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A 5 page paper weighing options in a hypothetical light. The assumption is that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has committed itself to expensive major programs in Mars exploration and in searching for and characterizing planetary systems near other stars. The program with the highest priority will be retained and the other will be suspended. The purpose here is to determine which program has the highest priority; the paper concludes that the Mars mission should be retained. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: KS-NASAproj.wps

Production of Lactic Acid: Artificial Vs Natural
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14 pages in length. As with most things in the twenty-first century, the production of lactic acid has become the latest victim of progress. The natural process that produces the fermented composition of lactose (milk sugar) is no longer considered economically feasible in its current state, inasmuch as it can be reproduced at a rate that is both faster and cheaper. Critics contend that while this technological breakthrough may be beneficial in some ways, it is not looked upon as a advancement toward better nutrition or a plus for the environment. Their claim is that while the ongoing pursuit of bioengineering may produce a viable form of lactic acid, the very process of extracting this substance is what remains in question. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: TLClactc.wps

Progress in Ancient Alchemy
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A 4 page discussion of the many inroads made by ancient alchemists. Although our modern world tends to scoff at alchemy, it involved not just the pursuit to turn other substances into gold but rather formed the rudiments of ancient science. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPalchem.rtf

Questions on Waldrop's Complexity
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An 8 page paper that answer 30 questions pertaining to Mitchell Waldrop's text Complexity, which explores the ramifications of complexity theory and its implications for society. No additional sources cited.
Filename: khwalcom.rtf

Reclaiming Hetch Hetchy Valley
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This 11 page paper argues that the O’Shaughnessy Dam in Yosemite Valley should be dismantled and the Hetch Hetchy Valley restored to its original condition. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: HVHetHet.rtf

Reducing Green House Gas Emissions in Irish Dairy Farming
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There is little doubt that green house gases need to be reduced. This 15 page paper summarizes an article that assesses the potential of different dairy herd management systems to reduce the direct and indirect green house gas emissions. The reseach also looked at the impact on profit levels. The paper summarises the findings of the reseach and then offers a neutral opinion on the reseach. The bibliography cites 1 source.
Filename: TEgasfarm.rtf

Regulation of Biotechnology-Developed or Altered Foods
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This 7 page report discusses regulating the use of biotechnology in food production. The pros and cons of biotechnology related to agriculture and food production are presented, as well as reasons behind its regulation. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: BWbioreg.rtf

Reinforced Soil Steel
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A 5 page paper discussing the practice of reinforcing soil with narrow steel bands, a technique that provides immense benefit in soil stabilization for construction projects and can reduce costs as much as 50 percent. This method of reinforcing soil for construction purposes has been found to be useful in a variety of settings and for a wide range of purchases. It is useful in virtually any setting in which there will be static or dynamic stresses on supporting soil, such as bridge abutments or roadways running along the top of sloping terrain. It is also useful in areas in which earthquake activity is common. Includes 2 figures. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: KSengSoilSteel.rtf

Remote Sensing
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This 7 page paper defines what remote sensing is, traces its history briefly, and explores some of its uses and what it might become in the future.
Filename: HVRemote.rtf

ROBERT GODDARD AND ROCKETS
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This 6-page paper examines the life and biography of scientist Robert Goddard, and how his studies in rocketry during the early 20th century ultimately led to the success of the U.S. space program. Also touched on is how Germany used Goddard's theories to invent the V-2 rocket, the forerunner of the rockets that eventually landed the Apollo spacecrafts on the moon. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: MTgoddar.rtf`

Romney Marsh over the Last 2000 Years
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This 9 page paper examines Romney Marsh: an area in Kent, South East England which has seen the land rise and fall creating and then reclaiming land. The paper explores evolution of the landscape over 2000 years and how humans and the landscape have evolved. The bibliography cites 6 sources.
Filename: TEromney.rtf

San Andreas Fault
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A 10 page paper which researches information on the San Andreas Fault. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: RAsnad.rtf

Sauer and Semple on Geography
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This 5 page paper provides an overview of Sauer and Semple's views on geography. The works of Carl Sauer and Ellen Churchill Semple represent a considerable body of work on geography, environmental issues and the impacts of humans on the world. Though Sauer and Semple have developed distinct views of the processes of geographic change, Sauer is often considered to be in direct opposition to Semple's environmental determinism and human ecology. This paper considers this supposition. Bibliography lists two sources.
Filename: MHSauer.rtf

Science and Government Relationships in 1930s Europe
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A 5-page essay on the affects of science on government in the 1930s. This paper focuses on the social and political science of Marxism and Trotskism, economic science, and physics and how these led to decisions made by Britain, Germany, Russia, and other European countries. Bibliography lists 3 sources. JV1930sc.rtf.
Filename: JV1930sc.rtf

Seaquakes
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A 3 page paper which discusses seaquakes. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAseaqu.rtf

Second-Order Predation: Alternative To The Overkill Theory
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3 pages in length. Much debate transpires when the subject of the overkill hypothesis is cited to explain Pleistocene's fauna extinction; with enough scientific data to prove otherwise, second-order predation serves a viable alternate theory to clarify the cause of such massive loss. It is not the least bit unusual or unexpected to suspect H. sapiens as the primary culprit of animal extinction during the Ice Age, inasmuch as man has been repeating this pattern ever since H. sapiens entered the planet's timeline. A clear case of history repeating itself, second-order predation as a cause for the Pleistocene extinction illustrates how human presence then -- as it continues to be now -- quickly evolves into an imbalance of resources pointed toward H. sapiens' favor. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: TLCiceage.rtf

Secondary Succession
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This 5 page paper provides a secondary succession time line and an exploration of the named plants. Requirements for plant life and how they interrelate with one another and their environment are the topics addressed. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: SA037SS.rtf

Sedimentary Rocks
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A 3 page paper which examines the formation and categories of sedimentary rocks. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RArocks.rtf

Seed Dispersal Mechanisms Found In Epiphytic Plants
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7 pages in length. Epiphytic plants – those such as herbs that live off other plants – utilized various seed dispersal mechanisms depending upon habitat and whether or not those mechanisms are biotic or abiotic. When examining these criteria, it is important to consider how nature's impact upon said mechanisms can become interwoven with man's attempts to intervene in the natural course of seed dispersal. Of the myriad ways in which epiphytic plants spread their seed and ultimately make it to appropriate sites for germination and establishment, the use of fire, wind and animals represent the primary ways in which new plant growth is made possible. Some plants even employ the help of more than one way in which to disperse their seeds. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: TLCseeds.rtf

Short and Long-Term Costs of the January 17, 2002 Eruption of Mount Nyiragongo
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A 5 page overview of the costs associated with this volcanic eruption. An overview is provided of the number of lives and types of property lost as well as of the foreign relief effort. The author emphasizes, however, that in effect these costs are only short-term. This paper points out that the long-term costs of the eruption, costs associated with environmental impacts such as global warming, could overshadow short-term costs. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPvolca3.rtf

Significance Of The Telescope
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3 pages in length. Mankind twitters at the thought of life outside the limitations of planet Earth; the telescope has helped to define - at least to some degree - what makes up the universe that humans can see with their eyes, as well as gives people an indication of what might exist beyond that visual range. In essence, the telescope is the conduit between the tangible reality of that which exists on this planet and the peripheral - even ethereal - components that reside in the vastness of space. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCTelescp.rtf

Soil
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When the subject of the earth comes up in conversation, most people do not immediately think of soil, although it is a known fact that soil is an essential component to the existence of the planet earth. This 5 page paper provides a sample paper that assists the student in preparing a general information paper on soil. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KTessoil.rtf

Soil Salinity in the Imperial Valley
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This 5 page paper discusses soil salinity in the Imperial Valley of California, including what it is, why it’s prevalent in this location, what effects it has, how it’s formed, what its benefits are (if any) and what can be done to change the amount of salt in the soil. Bibliography lists 6 sources
Filename: HVSoilIV.rtf

Solar Energy
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This 10 page paper offers an overview of solar energy beginning with the theory underlying solar power and the two major types of solar energy. The technology of solar power cells is explained, beginning with the two major categories of solar energy. The most common materials and elements used to produce photovoltaic cells, how these cells work and their output are then reported. Four of the most common types of collectors are explained. Innovations in the production of solar cells are reported. Comments are made regarding the costs and the savings gained from using solar power. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: PGsolar.rtf

Spring and Fall
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A 3 page paper which compares and contrasts the seasons of Spring and Fall. No sources cited.
Filename: RAspfa.rtf

Stonehenge and the Development of Archaeology
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A 5 page paper which discusses Stonehenge and examines how excavations have been, and can, prove beneficial to the development of archaeology. While over-excavating can prove incredibly harmful to this historical site, if done properly much may be learned. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: RAstnehg.rtf

Sulphur Dioxide
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This 5 page paper considers the public health problem of sulphur dioxide and the impacts. This paper provides a methodology for studying this issue. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: MHSulphD.rtf

Summarization: Black Holes and Cosmology
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5 pages in length. Reviews two articles, one on black holes, and one article on cosmology. The review and discussion of each article are included in this paper. In the first article analysts speculate something unusual is happening at the center of the Milky Way, near Sagittarius. The theorists believe there may be one gigantic black hole taking in mass, or a set of smaller black holes. The second article points out that several scientists still firmly believe in the big bang theory despite the arguments concerning the dark-matter problem as well as the causality problem and the age problem.
Filename: JGAastrn.wps

The 1985 Mexico City Earthquake
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This 5 page paper discusses the devastating earthquake in Mexico City in 1985 from a geological perspective. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVmexquk.rtf