Desertification and the African Sahel
[ send me this paper ]
In five pages this paper examines the issues associated with the desertification of the African Sahel reason with historical background, causes and effects, and possible solutions to this problem among the topics discussed. Six sources are listed in the bibliography.
Filename: TGdesahel.rtf

Desertification in the Sudan
[ send me this paper ]
A paper which looks at the causes of desertification in the Sudan, and suggests national and international policies which might be implemented to address this issue. Bibliography lists 3 sources
Filename: JLdessud.rtf

Diamonds / Their Structure and Geologic Formation
[ send me this paper ]
A 5 page overview of the gemstone known as a diamond. Includes information on diamond structure and geologic formation, including its presence in kimberlite formations. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Diamond.wps

Drilling Fluids
[ send me this paper ]
This 9 page paper considers the different type if drilling fluids, including water-based fluids, oil-based fluids and mist gas air or foam fluids, where they are used, their properties, additives and control. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEdrillf.rtf

Dust Storms: How They Have Impacted The World's Health
[ send me this paper ]
9 pages in length. The extent to which dust storms impact the world's health is both grand and far-reaching; that dry, desert and semi-arid rangelands represent the most significant regions where dust storms occur speaks to a tremendous number of people detrimentally affected by the natural occurrence. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TLCDustStrm.rtf

Earth and Mars
[ send me this paper ]
A 6 page comparison of these two planets. This paper describes the physical origin of the planet and characteristics such as atmosphere, gravity, and temperature. The author comments on the possibility of life as it presents on Mars. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPastronErthMars.rtf

Earth's Defense Against Meteors
[ send me this paper ]
This 6 page report discusses the options available to the governments of Earth if a meteor on a collision course was cited. Earth's atmosphere is literally besieged with as much as 50,000 tons of interplanetary rubble annually. There is a scientific consensus agrees that cosmic impacts have played a major role in Earth history and that they continue to pose a significant threat today. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: BWmeteor.wps

Earth's Equilibrium
[ send me this paper ]
5 pages in length. Earth's survival depends upon the collective efforts of each and every species living on the planet; among the overall order or life forms, man is the only one who has not abided by this fundamental doctrine. In fact, humanity has gone so far in the opposite direction that all the major environmental issues plaguing planet Earth today are a direct result of progressing the human species at the expense of all others. The extent to which Earth's equilibrium is under considerable pressure is both grand and far-reaching; that the climate increase indicates a treacherous path toward unstoppable instability speaks to how the planet's fragile equilibrium is a sign of what waits ahead. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TLCeartheq.rtf

Earth: History And Comparison With Other Planets
[ send me this paper ]
6 pages in length. The writer discusses earth's geological history and briefly compares it with the other solar planets. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TLCEarth.rtf

Earthquake Activity in the United States During the 19th and 20th Centuries
[ send me this paper ]
An 8 page paper which examines the differences between earthquake activating in the 19th and the 20th centuries in the United States. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: RAearq.rtf

Earthquake Hazards And Effects
[ send me this paper ]
6 pages in length. Of all the devastating natural disasters to impact mankind, earthquakes are perhaps the most detrimental due to their unannounced presence. Unlike tornadoes or fires that can be detected in advance – albeit with short notice – earthquakes provide no warning device; when they strike, they do so with a vengeance and without notice. As such, effects from earthquake activity (shaking ground) and subsequent consequences resulting from the violent movement (ground failure, tsunamis) present a number of unfavorable circumstances for those within the reach of the fault line. Thankfully, the combination of technological advancement and the implementation of hazard mitigation plans has given seismologists the ability to forewarn and prepare the public if only enough to take cover before disaster strikes. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TLCEarthQ.rtf

Earthquake: A Terrifying Force
[ send me this paper ]
This 3 page paper describes what it’s like to experience an earthquake. It also briefly discusses plate tectonics
Filename: HVEquake.rtf

Earthquakes
[ send me this paper ]
A 4 page paper which examines basic elements concerning earthquakes. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAehq.rtf

Earthquakes
[ send me this paper ]
A 4 page overview of earthquakes. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: RAqk3.rtf

Earthquakes From Northridge and Whittier, Lessons to be Learned
[ send me this paper ]
This 14-page-paper discusses the Northridge and the Whittier Narrows Earthquakes. It opens with a general discussion on earthquakes and their history. It moves into detailed discussions on the Northridge and Whittier Narrows quakes and then discusses the precautions one can take to stay safe when one hits. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: CWearthq.wps

Earthquakes & The New Madrid Fault
[ send me this paper ]
An 8 page research paper that examines the most dangerous geological feature of the North American heartland. While most Americans think of California whenever the topic of earthquakes comes up, the residents of New Madrid, Missouri suffered through the worst series of quakes in the known history of North America during an eight-week period in the winter of 1811 to 1812. The three principal shocks have been determined to have had a magnitude of 8.0 or higher. Additionally, ten of the aftershocks reached or exceeded a magnitude of 6.0, and at least three may have reached 7.0. Scientists now believe that eyewitness stories of the Mississippi flowing backward, and waterfalls on the Mississippi are true. The writer discusses what is now known about what happened during this dramatic eight-week period. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: Madridf.wps

Earthquakes / A Comprehensive Discussion
[ send me this paper ]
A 9 page paper on earthquakes in which the writer explains their different classifications, the role of various seismic wave patterns & types, etc; Also discussed are causes, reasons for geographical distribution, and the effects of earthquakes at different proximities beginning with the meizoseismal area (most damaged region). A final section looks at some experimental and theoretical grounds for predicting earthquakes. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Quakes.doc

Earthquakes and Volcanoes
[ send me this paper ]
A 5 page paper which provides an overview of various types of earthquakes. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAerqu.rtf

Earthquakes in New Jersey
[ send me this paper ]
The possibility of earthquakes occurring in the New Jersey area is addressed in this 5 page paper. The history of quakes in the geographic location as well as a discussion on current seismologic theory is included. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Eqnj.wps

Earthquakes In New York
[ send me this paper ]
The possibility of a major earthquake occurring in the New York area is addressed in this 7 page paper. The history of quakes in the area as well as a discussion on fault lines existing in the state's region is examined. A general discussion on the ineffectiveness of current seismological equipment is also included. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Earthny.wps

Earthquakes: San Francisco and Others
[ send me this paper ]
A 5 page paper which discusses various aspects of the San Francisco earthquake of 1906. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: RAsanfranqk.wps

Ecology of Ohio
[ send me this paper ]
This 4 page paper paper examines some of the plants, animals and organisms found in the region. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: HVEcolOH.rtf

Ecology of the Coral Reefs in the Hawaiian Islands
[ send me this paper ]
This is an 8 page paper discussing the ecology of the Hawaiian coral reefs. The Hawaiian Islands stretch for over 2,300 kilometers and also contain what are considered unique coral reefs because they are geologically younger than many other coral reefs, have no barrier reefs among the windward islands, and are also less diverse than many other coral reef ecosystems in the Pacific. Despite this however, the Hawaiian coral reefs ecology, divided into four zones based on the depth and distance from the shore, does have a diverse assortment of corals, plant life, invertebrates and fishes among larger species which live among the reefs. The ecology of the coral reefs in Hawaii is divided up into the reef flat zone (0-2 m from shore) which is most affected by terrestrial run-off and heavy wave impact; the reef bench zone (2-10 m) which has the largest diversity of coral, fish, invertebrate and plant species, the reef slope zone (10-30 m) in which finger coral is the dominant coral species; and the rubble zone (30-40 m) which is primarily coral fragments, rock and sand which provides a habitat for lobe and finger corals as well as sea cucumbers and an assortment of fish. Coral reefs in Hawaii provide a vast amount of revenue for the area at well over $250 million annually in the areas of commercial and recreational fishing and tourism. Like many of the coral reefs around the world however, the coral reefs in Hawaii are being damaged by a combination of natural and manmade events. Industrial, nutrient and fresh-water run-off kills the coral closest to the shore and allows for the spread of coral-killing algae after which recovery of the reef takes a great deal of time. In addition, increase in global water temperatures has led to coral bleaching which in some areas the reefs show little sign of recovery. Includes one page abstract. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJHwcor1.rtf

Ecosystems: North and South.
[ send me this paper ]
(5 pp). As we move into a new century we become more aware of how hard we were on the planet in the last one hundred years. This discussion examines the general criteria of an ecosystem, and then illustrates what an ecosystem is be describing one on a north facing slope and one on a south facing slope. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: BBecoNS.doc

EL NINO AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
[ send me this paper ]
This 5-page papers examines the El Nino event of 1997-1998, its causes and its impact on the environment.
Filename: MTelnino.rtf

EL NINO AND THE IMPACT ON HURRICANES
[ send me this paper ]
This 5-page paper discusses El Nino and its potential impact on hurricanes and hurricane development. Also included is a discussion about El Nino's economic impact. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: MTelnhur.rtf

Environmental Ethics
[ send me this paper ]
7 pages. This research paper is a defense of the following thesis statement: J. Baird Callicott is correct to suggest that a significant moral distinction should be drawn between wild and domestic animals. This paper defends three of the author's arguments that support his thesis. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAeethc.rtf

Environmental Sciences
[ send me this paper ]
A 9 page paper that discusses various aspects of environment sciences. Some of the history is discussed in relationship to research conducted long ago and academic history that has assisted in bringing the sciences closer together. A section discussing some of the more recent concerns is also included. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: RAecology.wps

Expansion of the Universe and Type Ia Supernovae
[ send me this paper ]
This 5 page report discusses expansion of the universe and the impact of evidence presented through the analysis of an astronomical event has served, once again, to challenge the ways in which human beings understand the universe of which they are a part. Scientific evidence of the past several years have lead astronomers and other scientists to understand that the expansion of the universe is taking place at an ever-accelerating speed. Such a conclusion has been reached through the observation of Type Ia or, specifically, Type 1987a Supernova. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: BWspnova.wps

Extra-Solar Planets
[ send me this paper ]
A 12 page overview of extra-solar planets, those planets outside our own solar system which orbit around suns other than our Sun. Discusses the history of extra-solar planetary research providing the names and particulars of discoveries. Emphasizes the technological changes which are occurring which allow a constant refinement of astronomical theory regarding planet formation and behavior. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPastExP.wps

Family Interaction in Crises Related to Natural Disasters
[ send me this paper ]
This 5 page report discusses family interactions and what takes place in family relationships when a natural disaster such as an earthquake occurs. Because the family is thought of as the basic unit of society and is acknowledged for the essential socio-economic functions that it performs, its place in dealing with the impact of a natural disaster such as an earthquake must be carefully considered. Family dynamics shift and a new set of coping skills replace them. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: BWearthq.wps

FAMOUS NAMES IN ASTRONOMY/ MODERN ERA
[ send me this paper ]
This 3 page paper gives an overview of Dr. Stephen Hawking, and Dr. Henry Norris Russell, two astronomers who have made significant contributions to their field in the modern era. Bibliographpy lists 2 sources.
Filename: MBastron.rtf

Fertilizing Woody Ornamentals
[ send me this paper ]
This 5 page paper discusses fall fertilization programs for trees, shrubs and vines defined as woody ornamentals. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KTwdshrb.wps

Fictitious Archaeological Dig
[ send me this paper ]
11 pages in length. The architectural layout and planning of this particular site reflects a decidedly communicative ideology, in that it represents the very cultural essence of its people. Embedded within this written ideology of the ruined city's structure is the greater conceptualization of education and expression. Without question, these interrelated aspects of communication appeared to be the cornerstone of this community's existence, indicating the very reason for its construction. In spite of the fact that the remains do no yield an interpretation of daily life, archaeologists have been able to gather enough information so as to understand the complexities surrounding a collection of semi-preserved writing implements located in the northeast corner. Regarding the social implications of such findings, researchers have found enough evidence to indicate that this site was a learning institution of some sort. Indeed, as many questions as these findings have been successful in addressing, there are many more left unanswered. It can readily be argued that the true and pointed intent of these educational and communicative remains indicate an extended grasp of language and expression. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TLCarcdg.wps

Fluid Dynamics / Pipe Flows :
[ send me this paper ]
A 5 page paper discussing the basic aspects of laminar and turbulent pipe flows as related to fluid movement through channels. For all the diversity in mechanical and industrial systems in operation and in design phase today, they all have in common the incorporation of some application of fluid dynamics within them. Liquids and gases move according to the same fundamental principles, differing only in movement as affected by density, viscosity and chemical composition. The paper discusses boundary, stationary layer, Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Pipeflow.wps

Fossils/Burgess Shale
[ send me this paper ]
A 7 page research paper that examines the fascinating fossil record that was found in the Burgess Shale. Because the Burgess Shale fossils contain examples of soft-bodied animals, which is very rare, these fossils have been called a "window to the Cambrian period" of prehistory. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: 99shale.wps

Fred Hoyle's Contributions to Astronomy
[ send me this paper ]
6 pages. It seems most of the scientific community has accepted the Big Bang Theory as the creation of the universe, but since that time Hoyle has always refused to follow that line, arguing that the Big Bang has not lived up to its early promise, and that his revised Steady State theory, that the universe has always existed, better fits the facts. This paper discusses the accomplishments and contributions to astronomy made by Fred Hoyle. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAhoyle.wps

Galileo, Science, and the Church
[ send me this paper ]
A 3 page overview of the book by Jerome J. Langford. This paper points out that it was actually Galileo’s peers and the universities themselves that were initially the most taken aback by Galileo’s astronomical findings. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPgalileochurch.rtf

Gemstone Enhancement
[ send me this paper ]
A 5 page overview of the technologies and methodologies involved in the artificial enhancement of gemstones. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Gemstone.wps

Genetic Diversity and the Origin of Life
[ send me this paper ]
A 4 page overview of three theories on the origin of life, the extraterrestrial theory, the heteroph theory and the autotroph theory. This paper explains how natural mechanisms such as mutations, sexual reproduction, and even such aspects of the natural behavior of various species as migration and population size work to maintain genetic diversity. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPgenLifeOrigin.rtf