Astronomy Questions
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This 3 page paper answers some basic questions about astronomical matters. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVAstQst.rtf

Astronomy Research and Extraterrestrial Life
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A 4 page overview of man's quest for the discovery of extraterrestrial life. The author outlines some of the criteria that astronomers believe would be necessary for life to exist and emphasizes the importance of ongoing astronomical research. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPextrat.rtf

Avoiding the Worst Effects of a Tsunami
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A 3 page paper discussing the Indian Ocean tsunami. On December 26, 2004, two tectonic plates that have been opposing each other for millennia shifted under the earth’s surface, resulting in an earthquake under the Indian Ocean. The earthquake shook the earth enough to change time, albeit only by microseconds. The greater consequence was that the earthquake displaced an immense volume of water. The final result was that the tsunami created by the earthquake killed more than all 20th century tsunamis combined. There was no warning. There were, however, actions that people in the affected areas could take. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: KStsunami.rtf

Baconianism and the Royal Society
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A paper which considers whether or not the Royal Society could be regarded as following Baconian scientific principles and the effect which Bacon had on scientific thought and methodology. Bibliography lists 5 sources
Filename: JLbacon.rtf

Basic Observations in Astronomy
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A 10 page overview of some of the basic premises of astronomy. Outlines the Big Bang theory and provides a description of Venus, Mars, and the four Jovian planets (Saturn, Pluto, Uranus, and Jupiter) in relation to the Earth and Sun, speculating on such anomalies as Venus’ retrograde rotation. Outlines the methodologies and theories utilized by astronomers such as the Doppler Effect, Wien’s Law, Absorption Spectrum, Stefan-Boltzmann Law, and the Emission Spectrum. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPastron.wps

Biodiversity and Dendrochronology
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This 9 page paper explores the fields of biodiversity and dendrochronology, and how they explain the physical world. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: HVBioDen.rtf

Biodiversity:
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This 12 page paper explains biodversity and its importance. Furthermore, this paper examins current threats to species, discusses environmental justice, reviews the environmental problems in developing nations, and more. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: GSBiodiv.rtf

Biodiversity: What it is and Some of the Most Important Hotspots
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9 pages. The wealth of diverse biological life forms is almost beyond what the human mind can conceive. It is interesting to say the least knowing the diversity between one pinch of soil that can contain more than ten billion bacteria, up through to entire regions, or hotspots, that are rife with not only different species but also endangered species, from insects up to the largest of mammals. This paper will focus on some of these hotspots as well as further serve to explain what biodiversity is. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: JGAbiodv.rtf

Bitumen Macadam Using Crushed Concrete as Aggregate
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A 5 page paper discussing the use of recycled concrete in place of quarried stone and gravel in forming the mixture that will become roadbed pavement. Concrete as an aggregate is more promising now than before the introduction of the latest generation of bituminous binders. It cannot be used in all situations, but in many it offers greater suitability than even more conventional local materials. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSmacadam.wps

Black Holes
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An 8 page paper which describes black holes and examines their increased importance in astrophysics of the 20th and 21st centuries. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TGblakhole.rtf

Book Review of Elsner and Kara’s “Hurricanes of the North Atlantic: Climate and Society” (1999)
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This is a 5 page book review of James B. Elsner and A. Birol Kara’s text “Hurricanes of the North Atlantic: Climate and Society” (1999). James B. Elsner and A. Birol Kara’s text “Hurricanes of the North Atlantic: Climate and Society” (1999) is considered an extensive scientific text authored by two well established researchers in their areas of expertise. The book written by a professor of meteorology and geography at Florida State University and a contractor for the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory of NASA uses historical and scientific studies to assess the hurricane activity and consequences in the North Atlantic while providing the reader with prediction models, historical data sets, statistics and the “societal vulnerability to hurricanes”. Overall, Book News (1999) considers it “of likely interest to meteorologists, climatologists, and economists, as well as decision makers in government and industry”. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TJHurri1.rtf

Cadmium and the Environment
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This 11 page paper provides an overview of cadmium, what it is, where it is found and how it affects the health of human beings. Some animal studies are cited which speculates about additional implications. Practical information is also given on how people can protect themselves from this natural menace. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: SA144cad.rtf

Carlsbad Caverns
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A 6 page paper that presents an overview of the geological and geographical structure of Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico. This paper recognizes the fragile states of this natural wonder, and presents and overview of the impact of the human element on the natural mineral structures created within the caves. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Carlsbad.wps

Catastrophism and the Extinction of the Dinosaurs
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An 8 page discussion of the events which resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs. Suggests that a meteoric impact with the earth set in motion a series of environmental events which ultimately translated into dinosaur extinction. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPdinoC2.wps

Centrifugal And Coriolis Forces
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A 5 page overview of the two forces and their interaction. Centrifugal force is that fictitious force that imparts a general feeling of weightlessness for astronauts and is also the force by which washing machines extract excess water from wet clothes. The Coriolis effect holds that an object which moves in a straight line above the surface of the Earth (and not parallel to the equator) will appear to curve because the Earth is turning under it. Together, both are important for space travel. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Coriolis.wps

Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution
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A 10 page consideration of the theory of evolution and our current knowledge regarding the origin of life. Outlines Darwin's theories and the natural history information which led to those theories and provides a brief outline of the chemical basis for the origin of life. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: PPevolut.rtf

Chicago Archaeological Dig
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This 4 page paper discusses a theoretical archaeological dig in Chicago in 3007, and how the archaeologists might date the artifacts they find there. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: HVChiDig.rtf

Choosing Organic Foods
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This 5 page paper explores whether or not organic food is actually more nutritious than food produced in traditional ways, and finds that in general, it is not. It has an advantage because it’s not raised using pesticides; however, that is frequently offset by the long distances it is trucked to the consumer. The paper suggests that people who can afford to buy organic (it’s generally 50% more than traditional food) might like to do so because they feel better and believe they are helping the environment. There is some doubt if either is true, but the perception may be enough to bring about a change in reality. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: HVOrgFud.rtf

Clear-Cutting:
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This 3 page paper examines the issue of clear-cutting. More specifically, this paper addresses what it is, where it occurs, and the plethora of ramifications that it creates for society and the environment. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: GSClrcut.rtf

Climate Change
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This 5 page paper responds to some specific questions on climate change, incluidng what to do, the energy pyramid and its use and the role of Al Gore and the IPCC. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: MHClimChanARch.rtf

Climate Change and Soil Formation in Southern England
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An 8 page paper which examines how climate changes have affected the formation of soil in southern England over the past million years. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: RAsoile.rtf

Climate Change and Weather Forecasting
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This 3 page paper provides an overview of the factors influencing climate change and weather forecasting, especially in relationship to the Earth's energy budget. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: MHClimCha2.rtf

CLIMATE CHANGE, DIVERSITY, AND HOPE
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This 9page paper gives and in-depth look at the problems facing the planet and the decline of biodiversity. Examples given, solutions offered. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: MBearthope.rtf

Climate Changes, the Ice Ages and Future Climate Changes
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This 7 page paper with diagrams responds to a variety of topics related to climate change, the ice ages, and future climate predictions. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: MHClimatICEAGE.rtf

Climate: What The Future May Hold
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3 pages in length. The marked difference between the ability to predict climate changes fifty years from now and doing the same in a five-day forecast is found in the way the environment has steadily degraded over the years. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCClimate.rtf

Color, Light and Time of Day
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A 4 page research paper that examines how the color of light and its perceived temperature appears to change throughout the day according to the position of the sun. The writer discusses this phenomenon in relation to showing this fact with photography. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khcoltod.rtf

Common Misconceptions Regarding Geography
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A 5 page paper which address three different misconceptions held by people in relationship to physical geography. As per the student's request, the opinions are provided by a famous individual, an acquaintance of this writer, and the writer themselves. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAgeogrph.wps

Comparative Planetology
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This 5 page paper discusses some of the properties of the Earth, as well as the characteristics of the planets that make up the solar system. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: HVComPln.rtf

Comparing Potting Soil to Starter Soil (Science Fair Project)
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This 3 page paper is a tutorial that may help a student create a science fair project. This one provides specific information on soil comparisons. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA707sci.rtf

Competitive displacement and bimodal distribution, and keystone species
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A paper which looks in detail at the bimodal distribution of species resulting from competitive displacement, and also explains the importance of keynote species in ecological/ environmental management. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: JLbimod.rtf

Cordillera Orogony: Mountain Formation
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A 7 page discussion of the processes which go into mountain formation. Defines cordillera orogony. Utilizes the Northern Highlands of Scotland as an example of the geologic process of plate tectonics which is responsible to a large degree for this phenomenon. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPmntFor.wps

Counterfactual History and the Development of Scientific Theory in Early Europe
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An 11 page exploration of the way society repressed scientific fact in Europe, between 1000 A.D and 1800 A.D. The toll this repression took was a delay in the development of muchmore advanced knowledge. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPsciCnt.rtf

Crawford Lake Geology and Climate Change
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A 7 page paper discussing the climate change that has occurred in the area of Crawford Lake, Ontario over the past 13,000 years, using the lithology of the lake as evidence. The paper discusses the records of oxygen isotope, calcium carbonate concentration and detritus layer as evidence for a moist climate followed by change to a dry, warm climate that once again was followed by a shift back to the climate of the present day. The paper is based on the research of Zicheng Yu, who has studied Crawford Lake extensively. Includes 3 figures, including a photograph of Crawford Lake core samples. Bibliography lists 5 sources. Core sample photograph contained separately in KSgeoCrawLkCore.rtf.
Filename: KSgeoCrawLk.rtf

DARWIN’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE SCIENCE OF EMOTION
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This 3 page paper discusses the basic perspectives of Darwin on the idea of emotions and expressions, then compares his ideas to those discoveries being made by scientists today. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MBdarwin.rtf

Data for Assessing a Site to Hold Hazardous Waste
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This 10 page paper identified data sources that could be used to help identify a site suitable for storing hazardous waste. The paper identifies a range of data sources that will help identity characteristics of areas such as low population density, dry hard rock, near road and rail links and avoiding sites of special scientific interest or nature reserves. The bibliography sites 8 sources.
Filename: TEsitesearch.rtf

Death Valley National Park
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This 5 page report discusses Death Valley National Park’s landscape, geological structure, climate, and the creatures that survive there. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BWdeathv.rtf

Definitions of Life
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This 5 page paper explores how "life" might be defined within scientific areas of biology, ornithology, anthropology, paleontology and geology. Branches of science may guide us, but ultimately each individual must answer that question of what is life, through either opinion or their own belief system, as well as acknowledge that "Life is continually adapting to changing environmental conditions." Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BBlife.doc.

Deforestation: Central America
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A 6 page paper which offers an examination of the deforestation that is taking place in Central America. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAdefrst.rtf

DENDROCHRONOLOGY AND THE FIELD OF QUATERNARY GEOLOGY
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This 5 page paper discusses the application of dendrochronology to the field of geology and paleogeology. Examples given, explanations offered. Bibliographpy lists 8 sources.
Filename: MBtrering.rtf

Desert Surfaces: A Process Based Analysis of Radiation, Heat, Precipitation, and Storage
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A 7 page overview of the processes which impact deserts. Summarizes geologic, climatological and biological processes which interplay to both shape desert environments and which are shaped by those environments. Outlines the importance of topography, substrate characteristics, precipitation, vegetative cover (both type and extent), radiation, and cloud cover in particular and concludes that each of these factors is interrelated with the other. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPdesert.wps