The Role of Potassium and Calcium in the Human Body
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This 5 page report discusses the role of calcium and potassium in the body and the fact that the disruption of calcium and potassium homeostasis certainly has an impact on cell function and the chemical transfer of information required for optimal physical functioning. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: BWcalpot.doc

The Role of Science in the Construction of Race
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This 10 page paper looks at the controversial scientific theories that pertain to race and evolution. Darwinism is discussed. The debate between monogenists and polygenists is explored as is the thinking that emerged in nineteenth century America which provided an excuse for racism. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA247rac.rtf

The Science in Frankenstein
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This 7 page paper looks at the films Frankenstein and The Bride of Frankenstein and contemplates the science as contained in each. Mary Shelley's original work is also discussed. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA210Frn.rtf

The Scientific Method and Constructing a Good Experiment
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This 3 page paper defines the scientific method and the steps comprising it, and describes an experiment that uses this method. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: HVSciMet.rtf

The Siberian Tiger
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A 3 page paper which examines the Siberian tiger. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: RAsibty.rtf

The Significance of the Honey Bee
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This 20 page paper looks at the evolution and behavior of the honey bee and why it is significant in the scheme of things. How this bee provides an example of how the world is ordered is explored. The argument from design is provided as well. It is suggested that the honey bee's behavior and makeup is so precise that it is reasonable to assume there was a designer. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: SA334bee.rtf

The Specifics of Color: A Scientific and Cultural Exploration
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A 6 page discussion of color. The author examines color and our perception of it from both a scientific and a cultural standpoint. A discussion is included on how the light spectrum relates to color and how techniques such as infrared photography can be used to more carefully explore color. Details on how color relates to our biological, chemical, and physical world as well as to own behavior is included. Information on how a chameleon changes color, how gemstones vary in color according to their chemical composition, and how color in our environment is currently believed to be capable of affecting our behavior and our performance. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPgemClr.rtf

The Structure Of Muscle Tissue In Red Vs. White Meat
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A 6 page examination of the differences between red and white meat. Emphasizes differences in muscular structure and in the relative presence of iron. Discusses striated and smooth muscle tissue as well as myoglobin and its function in the physiology of animals particularly in the supply and transport of oxygen. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Musclea.wps

The Systematics of Phylogenetic Inference: Applications in Evolutionary Biology
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An 8 page discussion of the importance of phylogenetic inference to our understanding of evolution. Suggests that it is through phylogenetic inference that we are able to see the hierarchical pattern of commonality which is exhibited by all forms of life. This hierarchy is not only visible through gross external anatomical features but also through more subtle features of an organism’s internal anatomy. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPphylo2.wps

The Theory of Natural Selection: Impact on Populations
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A 5 page overview of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. Defines population and provides examples of those populations of birds which captivated Darwin's attention. Outlines how populations are affected by natural selection and how evolution occurs. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPnatSl2.wps

The Tragedy of a Commons: The Depletion of Common Fisheries
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An 11 page overview of the problems which face fisheries on a world wide basis as a result of over fishing. Provides detailed statistics on various fisheries and introduces the concept of "tragedy of the commons" in which the world's excess of fishermen competing for the same fish stocks insures a fisherman must work harder to maintain a level of income. Under the "tragedy of the commons" the fisherman takes what he can get in order to reap immediate benefits rather than risk losing the catch to another fisherman. All too often he does so despite his knowledge that a particular fishery is already endangered. Concludes that in order to change this scenario we must change the incentives and penalties which are currently offered. We must make conservation a goal not just of conservationists but also of fishermen. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPtrgCom.wps

The Triumph of Homology
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5 pages. Homology can best be described as a physical attribute linking separate species together. For instance, it was long thought that humans and other mammals evolved from fish, since in the embryonic state they resemble fish and were said to have gills at that point. The concept of homology has long been central to supporting the reality of evolution and in establishing evolutionary (phylogenetic) relationships between species. This paper examines the nature of homology in the context of Darwin's argument of evolution and the general nature of vertebrate embryos. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: JGAhomol.wps

The Truth is Out There - The Plausible Possibilities of the Existence of UFOs
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A 9 page paper that argues that life on other planets, and therefore the existence of Unidentified Flying Objects, or UFOs, is not only possible but also probable. Discussed are the 1947 events surrounding what has become known as the Roswell Incident and the private sector interest and investigation into the existence of UFOs that stemmed from this incident. Included are the arguments of those who believe that the existence of UFOs and extraterrestrial life is a probability as well as the arguments of those who dispute this theory. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: LCTruth.doc

The Use and Reliability of DNA Evidence
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This 3 page paper delves into the science of DNA processing and why it is reliable, but not completely accurate. Several examples are given. The problem of identical twins is discussed. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA344DNA.rtf

The Viability of the Catastrophism Theory in Dinosaur Extinction
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An 8 page consideration of the theory of catastrophism in relation to the dinosaur extinction which occurred during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. Weighs the geologic evidence of such an event against the environmental effects which would have occurred to contend that such an event would have had much further effects than on the dinosaurs alone. If catastrophism resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs it would have resulted in widespread extinction of other species as well. Concludes that this fact discounts the validity of catastrophism and suggests that gradual environmental changes and the effects of competition with other animals led to this extinction. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPdinoCt.wps

The Way of the Cell: Molecules, Organisms, and the Order of Life: A Book Review
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This 4 page paper is a book review of Franklin Harold’s The Way of the Cell: Molecules, Organisms, and the Order of Life, which relates the history and context through which discoveries in cellular biology have occurred. This book further outlines the basic functions and structures of the cell that have been at the heart of recent research. Franklin’s book considers the earliest research into cell biology and both the theoretical and actual structures of the cell, based on research that has occurred since the early 20th century. No additional sources cited.
Filename: MHCellHa.rtf

Three Books on Brain Function (Book Reviews)
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This 9 page paper provides three distinct book reviews. For each, an annotated bibliographical entry is provided and then the book review follows. Book titles are: The Primal Teen, A User's Guide to the Brain, and Synaptic Self. No bibliogrpahy.
Filename: SA6183.rtf

Tissue Culture Techniques in Plant Breeding
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5 pages in length. An excellent discussion on the use of tissue culture to enhance genetics. This innovative new science of plant breeding, defined as cultivar development based on genetically-enhanced breeding materials and assisted by deep understanding of genetic processes at the molecular level, has a vital role to play in tomorrow's agriculture, especially in tomorrow's new crop agriculture. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAtscul.wps

Tissues and the Extracellular Matrix
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In certain tissues much of the mass of material is made up of extracellular matrix (ECM). This 5 page paper describes some examples of such tissues and looks at the role ECM plays and its' make up in different areas. The bibliography cites 3 sources.
Filename: TEexcelmatrix.rtf

Transformation Techniques
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Modern biotechnology has evolved as a scientific field of inquiry concerned with both humans and the plant world. Bio-agriculture, medical usage and environmental reclamation are among the areas where plant biology has made significant contributions and is likely to continue. This 6 page paper argues that transformation techniques will play an important role in the future of plant breeding as well as genetic manipulation. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: KTtrantq.wps

Trinucleotide Expansion in Huntington's Disease
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A 3 page overview of the trinucleotide expansions within the huntingtin protein that result in the extension of polyQ-encoding repeats. Bibliography lists sources.
Filename: PPhuntingtonMolStr.rtf

Two Issues - Biological Evolution And Air Pollution
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A 3 page paper that addresses two issues. What would a science teacher say to a student who things biological evolution is nothing more than a theory without support and to another student who thinks human lungs will adapt to filter out toxic pollutants so we don't need to worry about air pollution. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PGevpl2.RTF

Unfriendly Phosphates.
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(5 pp) As an average person, I don't think that I get any dirty than most, yet the other day I did agree to help some friends move into a new apartment, and the majority of me was filthy, to the max. I decided that it was time to use one of the super-duper television-type detergents to get the various types of crud out of my clothes. Don't buy any soap with phosphates in it - one of my roomies cautioned. Why, I asked. She gave me the -like, what planet are you from look, and I decided to see what her concern was as the basis for this paper of humans and the environment. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: BBphosph.doc

Urodele Limb Regeneration
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10 pages in length. Urodele amphibians hold a unique place within the scheme of biological diversity, in that unlike other living creatures they have the ability to regenerate their limbs. That various parts of the body can also be regenerated, such as the jaw, lens, retina, spinal cord and much of the heart, speaks to the notion that urodele amphibians are significantly more biologically advanced than virtually all other species known to man. The distinction between young and adult urodeles is that the adults possess the ability to regenerate their lost anatomical structures. Epimorphosis is the scientific term that describes the rebirth of cellular structure in order to develop a missing limb. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: TLClimbR.rtf

Using Forests as CO2 Sinks to Combat Global Warming
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A 6 page paper discussing the controversy arising from the UN Kyoto Protocol of 1997 as it has taken shape in 2000, with an explanation of the process of photosynthesis as the mechanism by which green plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and replace it with pure oxygen. Environmental groups claim that giving credits to industrialized nations for reforestation efforts only encourages clear cutting of old growth forests, thereby damaging biodiversity. Other groups claim that forests themselves can contribute to increased global warming. Bibliography lists 6 sources in 13 footnotes.
Filename: KSCO2sinks.wps

War: Does It Have Roots in Biology?
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A 7 page research paper that examines this issue. The writer asks: Does war have its roots in biology? Is aggressive behavior instinctual or learned from the environment? These questions have been the focus of investigation and debate over the last several decades in all areas of social science. However, even a cursory examination of this ongoing debate reveals that there are no easy, pat answers to these questions due to the complexity of human behavior. Nevertheless, this examination of this debate attempts to discern the parameters of both sides of this argument, as well as what conclusions, if any, can be drawn from research on this subject. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khwarbio.rtf

Water
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A 2.5 page paper which considers the significance of H2O, and examines some of its implications for biology. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TGwater.rtf

Water: Its Chemistry and Biological Importance
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A 5 page description of water. The author describes the chemical phenomena that make water so critical from a biological standpoint. A brief history on temperature measurement with specifics of the distinction between the Fahrenheit scale, the Celsius scale, and the Kelvin scale is provided as well. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPwater.rtf

Watson’s DNA
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A 3 page research paper essay that summarizes and analyzes an article in Newsweek (4 June 2007) that describes how James Watson will become the first person to have his DNA genome analyzed and made public. The writer discusses the article and the implications of genetic research for humanity. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khwatdna.rtf

Watson, Crick,& The Significance of the Double Helix
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The discovery of DNA was one of the most important scientific contributions ever. In the 1950's, the discovery of the Double Helix significantly complimented our knowledge of DNA and changed the way we viewed its structure. This 15 page science history paper examines the years leading up to Watson & Crick's great discovery and the findings that came before it. Also discussed are the biographies of each of these two great scientists and the practical implications that their work has since had (i.e., helping to create a standard for criminologists, etc;). Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: Doubheli.wps

Wetlands Restoration in Wisconsin
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This 5 page report discusses the fact that state officials in Wisconsin are well aware that wetlands have important value in both ecological and hydrologic terms. Wetlands furnish fundamental habitat for a wide variety of plants and animals and also improve overall water quality through trapping sediment, lowering nutrients and reducing contaminants. Unique legislation in Wisconsin has been enacted to assure that wetlands are both restored and protected. In addition, the report considers the importance of water quality as well as habitat maintenance in the restoration process. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BWwiswet.rtf

William Harvey: How Blood Flows
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A 3 page paper which examines the observation of William Harvey in relationship to how blood flows. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAwhv.rtf

Winkler And Cowan's "From Sensory To Long-Term Memory: Evidence From Auditory Memory Reactivation Studies" – Summary/Critique
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3 pages in length. What Winkler and Cowan (2005) have accomplished in their study is to illustrate how certain auditory cues elicit memory recall more expediently than others, which serves to indicate that variations of sound – such as with human voice recognition – is a critical component of encoding, storage and recall capabilities. It has long been surmised by virtue of scientific research that people tend to lose sensory information within seconds of absorbing it, rendering subsequent recall a tentative proposition. However, auditory cues have been shown to remain with a person for longer periods of time than other sensory information, typically thirty seconds. These findings provide insight as to why people often recognize the sound of someone's voice – even from years past – yet not identify the individual by sight or other sensory information. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: TLCMemAud.rtf

Woodpecker Research: A Summary of Three Research Projects
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A 3 page review of three research projects published in 2008. These projects revolve around woodpecker phylogeology and cavity reuse. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPwoodpecker.rtf

World-Changing Science
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A 3 page paper discussing paradigm-changing contributors such as Max Planck, William Thomson and C.F. Mirbel, and how their scientific findings have benefited society as a whole. Planck’s quantum theory, Thomson’s thermodynamics and Mirbel’s founding of cell biology all continue to affect life and science today. The collective work of these and many others have brought us to a point where we can begin to gain an understanding of how much we still do not know, while benefiting society in the meantime. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KSsciHist2.rtf

Zoonoses; Regulations, Preventions and Influences on Exposure Levels
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This 10 page paper is written in 3 parts. The first part looks at the regulations in the UK and the level of regulation that are in place to control and monitor the risks from zoonoses. The second part of the paper looks at measures that can reduce risk to exposure with examples, the last part of the paper discusses demographic and socio-economic changes that change the exposure to zoonoses. The bibliography cites 6 sources.
Filename: TEzoonoses.rtf