The Effects of Pollution on Plants
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An 8 page research paper about the effects of sulfur dioxide on plants in a variety of locales. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: Pollplan.wps

The Endangered Hawaiian Monk Seal
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7 pages. The Hawaiian monk seal is an endangered species. There are only six breeding locations left in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands. This paper will focus on how and why the population has begun to decline and the problem of genetic variability in some of the breeding populations which inevitably leads to problems within the species. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: JGAmseal.rtf

The Endangered Species: Ivory from Elephants
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5 pages. The African elephant is threatened with extinction and the trade in their ivory was forbidden in 1989 by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). There is still, however, a serious poaching problem because ivory remains to be a highly sought after product. The implications of this illegal trade and the demand for it is discussed along with the organizations and groups that are involved. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAivory.rtf

The Ethics of Bioengineered Foods
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A 5 page review of the purported advantages and disadvantages of bioengineered foods. Outlines the history of bioengineering and introduces the concept of bioethics. Concludes that bioethics are both shaped by and shape societal perceptions of wrong and right. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPbioEnF.wps

The Ethics of Human Cloning
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9 pages in length. The volatile controversy concerning cloning is not one that is easily solved. When perusing several articles on the subject of cloning, there are any number of excellent arguments on each side of the issue; however, many of these arguments are nothing more than scare tactics or ridiculous claims that are not valid in the scientific field on which this is based. This paper presents the ethical issues involved with the topic of human cloning. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: JGAclone.wps

The Evolution of Birds from Dinosaurs
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An 11 page overview of the evolutionary path of the modern day birds. Discusses the controversy and debate surrounding the question of the speculated origin of birds from dinosaurs. Discusses the current findings in the field and the need for additional research. Identifies twenty common elements between the earliest known birds and the coelurosaurian dinosaurs. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Evodino.wps

The Evolution of Teeth
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A 10 page outline of the evolution of teeth from the lower vertebrates to more advanced species such as man. Describes the origin of jaw structure and structures such as conodonts (minute toothlike structures) which were the precursors of advanced teeth. Outlines the further evolution of these teeth in the higher mammals with the appearance of features like the hypocone which expanded the grinding surface of teeth and resulted in an explosion of mammal species some forty thousand years ago. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPevTeth.wps

The Evolution-Creationism Debate
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This 5 page paper examines both points of view and concludes that these are not necessarily competing theories and may even complement each other. The debate is discussed and each concept is defined and explored. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: SA512evo.rtf

The Evolutionary Theory in Relation to Women and Minority Women Today
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This is a 3 page paper discussing the evolutionary theory in regards to women and minority women today. The evolutionary theory as proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859 in his text “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life” introduced the ideas of adaptation and change to the environment, natural selection, and “survival of the fittest” a term coined by Herbert Spencer in its application to humans. Although the theories of Darwin have undergone a certain amount of transition themselves over the last 150 years, many of the elements still be applied today. One aspect is its application to women and women minorities in today’s society. Generally, it has been found that both physically and mentally minority women have learned to adapt into new environments more easily than men and women overall have learned certain aggressive behavior necessary for their own survival and the survival of their children. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJevolw1.rtf

The Flea in History
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A 10 page overview of the flea and its impact on human history. This paper describes the natural history of the flea and its impact as a vector on its human host. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPbioFleas.rtf

The Forest Biome
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This 10 page paper is a PowerPoint presentation with accompanying notes. The presentation looks at temperate forest biomes, giving general background on biomes to place the temperate forest biome in the broader context, looks at the characteristics and gives examples of different types of symbiotic relationships and compares this to a freshwater biome which may boarder with it. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEbiomef.rtf

The Future of Stem Cell Research
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An 11 page overview of the current state of stem cell research and its potential for future benefit. Lamenting the current governmental restrictions on embryonic stem cell research, this paper emphasizes the myriad of possibilities that stem cell research holds in terms of improving human life. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: PPstemC7.rtf

The Genetic Engineering Controversy
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This 4 page paper addresses the problem of food supply and the role of genetic engineering. One article is used as a springboard for discussion. This short paper is separated into three parts, and questions are answered, as requested by a student. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA440gen.rtf

The Genetic Pathway and Developmental Evolution
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A 7 page discussion of genetic pathways, specifically the direction of the orderly expression of specific gene subsets, a process which is controlled by tissue-specific transcription factors. Specific DNA target sequences are bound by these transcription factors and, in turn, interact with one another on either a cooperative basis or an antagonistic basis to control expression of the gene subsets. This interaction is aided as well by extracellular signaling molecules which both control and are controlled by the transcription factors. Ties these basic observations together with a review of research on species as diverse as Drosophila melanogaster and zebrafish. An additional 2 pages are appended on this paper which identify several references which could be applicable in an expanded review of this subject. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: PPgenePt.wps

The Gray Wolf (Canis lupus)
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A 6 page overview of the behavior, ecology, and management concerns which exist for this fascinating carnivore. The gray wolf (Canis lupus) is not only one of the most impressive of the large North American mammals it is also one of the most misunderstood. Recent conservation efforts have been successful in reviving an almost extinct population but this success has not been without its problems. As wolf populations expand their threat to man, whether perceived or real, grows. This paper emphasizes that proper management of the gray wolf involves not just species specific management but ecosystem management as a whole. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPwolf.rtf

The Human Cloning Debate
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This 4 page paper looks at two articles on human cloning. Both sides of the issue are explored but the paper ultimately supports cloning. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: SA616clo.rtf

The Human Digestive System / Its Phylogenetic and Ontogenetic Development
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A 7 page exploration of the concepts of phylogeny and ontongeny in relation to the digesive system. Discusses the embryonic development of the digestive system and points out that, although it is possible that certain phases of our evolution are reflected in our embryonic development, this reflection is sporadic and quite different from the view held in the nineteenth century that an organism's embryological developmental phases give a clear picture of its evolutionary history. Bibliography lists five sources.
Filename: Humandig.wps

The Impacts of Mendelian Genetics
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A 4 page contention that the result of Gregor Mendel's research has not only changed the way people perceive the world, but also the way people live in it. Carefully quantifying his bservations, Mendel was able to come to produce a set of laws that allow us to predict the genetic outcome of specific genetic crosses. Other geneticists have expanded this knowledge and made it an integral component of many aspects of our lives. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPmendel.rtf

The Importance of Phylogenetic Relationships in Evolutionary Biology
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A 5 page contention that phylogenetic relationships are a critical component of evolutionary biology. Indeed, it is upon our knowledge of phylogeny which we base much of our theory of evolution. Even in “Origin of Species”, that infamous production of an earlier century which many consider synonymous with the concept of evolution, Darwin relies heavily on his knowledge of phylogeny to assess the characteristics of plants and animals which he observed on his scientific voyage on the “Beagle”. Contends that this is only one example, of the many interrelationships of phylogeny and evolutionary theory which have occurred over time. It, along with the somewhat antiquated concept of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny, however, illustrates the importance of phylogeny to evolutionary theory. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPphylog.wps

The Importance of Water
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This 5 page paper looks at the properties of water and its life sustaining functions. Various benefits of water exercise are duly noted. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA309H2O.rtf

The Language Evolution Debate
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This 5 page paper examines language evolution and the various controversial theories that exist. The paper focuses on an article by Michael Corballis that is the center of the discussion. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: SA534lng.rtf

The Lazarus Effect and the ‘Feathers’ of the Longisquama
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This 3 page paper is written in two parts, answering several questions; which of the three commonly accepted explanations is most likely to explain the Lazarus effect, what value or information the Lazarus effect provides when studying the fossil record and what is meant by refugia. The second part of the paper looks at the appendages of Longisquama considers if these are mostly likely to be feathers or scales, the role they may have had and whether it was likely to be the ancestor of bird life.The bibliography cites 7 sources.
Filename: TElazaru.rtf

The Living Fossil "Palms"
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A 5 page paper discussing the physical characteristics, geographical distribution, morphological adaptations and reproduction of the genus Cycas of the Cycadaceae family. The long survival of Cycas is easy to explain, though some species are now endangered because of their commercial value and the slow growth rate of their seedlings. Others are in danger because of loss of habitat, such as the C. elephantipes. The Cycas genus is one important for both evolutionary and commercial interest. In that, its status is not likely to change. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: KS-Cycas.wps

The Long-Term Effect of the Development of the Atomic Bomb: Environmental and Sociological Impacts at Los Alamos and Trinity
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An 8 page overview of the societal and environmental legacy of the 1945 development and testing of the Atomic Bomb. Outlines the impacts to the ecologies of these areas as well as to the human inhabitants. These impacts have been both environmental and community-based. An entire community grew up around the Los Alamos Lab and this community is still integrally connected to both the past and the present activities of the Laboratory. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPnukeEn.wps

The Lowly Tuna Sandwich: Its Ecological and Physiological Relevance to Man
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An 8 page analysis of the components of the tuna sandwich. Breaks the sandwich down into each of its components comparing them ecologically and evolutionary to man. The paper then concentrates on the molecular components of the sandwich, noting the particularly of the passage of elements such as starches and sugars through the digestive system of the human body. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPfoodAn.rtf

The Medicinal Uses of Roses
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A 5 page overview of the pharmacological manner in which roses have been use throughout the history of mankind. While many are skeptical, roses have a value beyond their beauty. This value lies in their ability to heal and calm. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PProseMd.rtf

The Nature vs. Nurture Controversy
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A good 6 page analysis of the nature vs. nurture controversy regarding factors that contribute most strongly to human development. The writer assesses both sides of the issue, explains its relevance to sociology & sociobiology, and determines that the development of a personality and the characteristics of that personality actually depend upon a combination of biological and social factors. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Naturenu.wps

The Necessary View Of Evolutionary Biology
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A 5 page paper discussing skepticism levied toward evolutionary biology because of the difficulty in categorizing it. The traits of humans to categorize things and ideas can block recognition of the gains that can be made through evolutionary biology. The common view of the discipline generally falls outside the range of the pure scientific method and lacks the flamboyance required by the arts. The inabilities of those two broad categories to make evolutionary biology into their frames of reference, however, is the fault of those disciplines—not of evolutionary biology. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: EvolBio.wps

The Need for Regulation of Biotechnology, Bioengineering, and Cloning
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This 4 page report discusses the issue of regulating biotechnology and the social issues associated with concerns that are highlighted in the 2001 movie "Artificial Intelligence: A.I." Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: BWaireg.rtf

The Neurons of the Bipolar, Unipolar & Multipolar Cells
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A 5 page overview of the anatomical makeup and function of these components of our nervous system. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: Neuron.wps

The Origin of Viruses
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A 3 page investigation of viral origin. This paper describes viruses as originating from the genome of living animals. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPvirusOrigin.rtf

The Pacific Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis)
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A 7 page overview of the environmental factors affecting the Pacific Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) in regard to their feeding patterns and development. Emphasizes that life history varies in accordance with a number of factors including the habitat in which the fish live and the prey species which are desirable, or at the very least available. Concludes that halibut feeding patterns are both directly and indirectly correlated with such factors as the relative age of a Halibut and environmental factors such as water depth, oxygen level, and turbulence. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPhalibt.wps

The Philosophical Debate Between Realism And Nominalism: How They Relate To Species, Genes, And Niches
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12 pages in length. Ever since the tenets of philosophy came into existence, there has been an ongoing debate between the concepts of realism and nominalism. When one considers these two divergent viewpoints, one is quick to discern their repelling structure, inasmuch as no individual can allege to support both doctrines; clearly, one is either a realist or a nominalist – neither the two shall meet. The writer discusses the properties of nominalism and realism, as well as employs example work from Roger Sperry, George Herbert Mead, and George Berkeley in order to demonstrate the relationship of realism and nominalism to species, genes and niches. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: TLCnomin.wps

The Philosophy of Biology
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This 8 page paper relates the concept of the developmental challenge relative the philosophical perspectives on biology. In particular, this paper considers whether genic selectionists are guilty of ignoring the developmental process, and as a result, this paper outlines the developmental systems theory as a part of this argument. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: MHBioPhi.rtf

The Phylum Mollusca
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A 10 page discussion of the phylogeny of the phylum Mollusca. Provides an overview of the major classes of Mollusca including Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda, Pelecypoda, Scaphopoda, and Cephalopoda. Outlines common morphological features known as synomorphies and discusses the variations between species. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPmollsk.wps

The Physical and Psychological Impacts of Bioterrorism
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A 14 page overview of the problem of bioterrorism. Addressing the debate surrounding proper governmental intervention to prevent bioterrorism, this paper emphasizes the physical and psychological impacts of the problem. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: PPbioTe2.rtf

The Physiological and Behavioral Components of Sexual Mimicry
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This 10 page paper outlines a study on sexual mimicry in animal populations. The physiological and behavioral components of sexual mimicry can be viewed through an understanding of polymorphism and the changes that occur in flycatcher populations. A number of studies of flycatcher populations provide a basis for understanding the physiological and behavioral changes that occur in the presence of different stimuli. This study relates to these changes through a view of existing studies, and assesses the methodologies used by other researchers to determine the best ways of studying this population.
Filename: mhmimic3.rtf

The Pitfalls and Positive Aspects of Biotechnology
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This 6 page paper examines various aspects of bioengineering in the food industry. Both sides of the issue are discussed and the paper concludes that genetically modified foods are good, but regulation should be employed and caution should be the rule. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: SA627bio.rtf

The Process Of Osmosis
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A 6 page overview of osmosis in the living organism and in industrial applications such as desalination, sewage treatment, and groundwater treatment. The term osmosis is used to denote the process by which liquids move through a semipermeable membrane. Bibliography lists five sources.
Filename: Osmosis.wps

The Relation of Cattle Behavior To Environmental Factors
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A 5 page overview of cattle behavior. Provides a background on cattle domestication and the long term relationship with man. Notes, however, that cattle behavior in more open areas is considerably more complex than that observed in feed lots and dairy barns. Correlates behavior such as grazing, sleeping, and body position to the type and height of plant species, the type of terrain, the position of the sun, and other environmental factors. References lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPcattle.wps