Book Review on Gould's Panda's Thumb
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This 5 page paper reviews this intriguing collection of essays by the controversial scientist Stephen Jay Gould. Evolution is discussed. No additional sources cited.
Filename: SA147pna.rtf

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Anthrax, and Brucellosis
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A 10 page overview of three potentially fatal diseases. Includes their effects on cattle and man as well as discussions on possible treatment methodologies and preventions. Outlines research efforts to develop vaccines and gives an overview of the different types of legislation which has evolved in response to the threat of these and other diseases. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: Cowmad.doc

Brain Response/Males & Aggression
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A 10 page research paper that examines research on brain chemistry and aggression that differentiates between the responses of males and females. This review of literature examines research that pertains to brain research and the neurotransmitters in the brain that have been shown to affect aggressive behavior. This body of data suggests that there are a discernible differences between the response of males and females to aggression and competitiveness that can be traced to differences in brain chemistry. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: khhoragg.rtf

Brassica rapa: Life History of the Plant Known Variously as Wild Turnip and Birdsrape Mustard
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A 5 page overview of the life history of Brassica rapa, a flowering plant known commonly as both a wild turnip and as birdsrape mustard. Considered an invasive weed in the Americas, this species exhibits distinctive taxonomy and ecology. This paper discusses specific features of the plants taxonomy, reproduction, and the characteristic glycosides and enzyme complement which serve as a biochemical shield protecting the plant from certain predators but at the same time which can be utilized by a narrow group of herbivores.
Filename: PPmustrd.wps

Brave New World of Biotech
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A 5 page research paper and analysis of the sociological impact of biotechnology. The writer uses "Brave New World" and "Gattaca" as a springboard to discuss the fears that biotech engenders and argues that the benefits outweigh the risks of such technology. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khbiotek.wps

Brood Parasitism Among the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus): Genetic or Behavioral?
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A 14 page literature review of brood parasitism among the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Explores the concept of whether genetic makeup determines host preference or if this phenomena is really a result of the mature bird seeking out habitat in which it was raised and consequently encountering more nests of a specific species in that habitat than would be present in others (i.e. natal philopatry). Includes a 1 page Roman numeral outline. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPcuckoB.wps

Canine Oral Spirochetes
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A 12 page overview of canine oral spirochetes, concentrating on Treponema denticola, Treponemapectinovorum, and Treponema maltophilum. Notes that although oral microflora cannot be held solely responsible for the presence or absence of periodontal disease and associated conditions, thesemicroflora do manifest differently in healthy verses diseased tissue. This observation is true both in the species which are present and in what concentrations they are present. Suggests laboratory methodologyfor qualifying and quantifying their presence, as well as linking thatpresence to periodontal disease. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: PPspiroc.wps

Care and Maintenance of a Koi Pond
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A 4 page paper which examines how to care for and maintain a Koi pond. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAkoi.rtf

Carolus Linnaeus, Demitri I Mendeleev and Leonhard Euler
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This 5 page paper outlines the work and achievements of these three men that focus on the logical organisation of information and the ability to classify information into logical groups. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEmendel.rtf

Catalase -- The Enzyme
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A 6 page overview of the enzyme catalase, its function in both the living organism and as an isolated form in commercial applications. Bibliography lists four sources.
Filename: Catalase.wps

Catastrophism and the Extinction of the Dinosaurs
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An 8 page discussion of the events which resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs. Suggests that a meteoric impact with the earth set in motion a series of environmental events which ultimately translated into dinosaur extinction. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPdinoC2.wps

Cell Biology / Article Reviews
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Contains two reviews of articles relevant to cell biology- each one is 2 pages in length (4 pages total for this file) and contains the writer's own personal reaction. Citations are : Rowe, Paul M. (1994). Cell death according to plan. The Lancet, 344 (8925), 812 -&- Cohen, Jon. (1994). 'Long PCR leaps into larger DNA sequences.' Science, 263 (5153), 1564-1565.
Filename: Biolarti.wps

Cell Biology / Essay Answers
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7 pages worth of responses to several very-detailed and comprehensive questions in cell biology. Please write to us for more information. No Bibliography.
Filename: Biolexam.wps

Cell Structure
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An 8 page overview of cellular structure. Defines a cell and distinguishes between plant and animal cells. List the major cellular components and describes their structure and function. Includes a Roman Numeral outline. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPcellSt.wps

Cellular Transport of the Enzyme Rubisco
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A 4 page discussion of the function of the enzyme rubisco in regard to its importance in plant photosynthesis. The author describes the enzyme, detailing a molecular composition which enables it to interact with and be impacted by environmental constituents such as heat, carbon dioxide, and inactive rubisco. This same molecular composition plays an important role in the binding process which allows the enzyme to be transported throughout plant tissue. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPenzRub.rtf

Chaetognatha (Arrow Worms)
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A 3 page morphological and ecological description of arrow worms. These organisms have evolved to have several advantages in their chosen habitats. They are important not just as predators but as a food source for higher organisms and as host species for various parasites. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPwormsA.rtf

Chameleons: Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Ecology
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A 5 page overview of the group of animals we know as chameleons. The author provides a specific phylogenetic classification of these animals from Kingdom to Species, noting the similarities in evolutionary pattern with other vertebrates and distinguishing the chameleon from other lizards on the basis of key taxonomic criteria. A discussion of the ecology of the group as a whole is presented as is a brief notation on the endangered status of one specific example of this group, Chamaeleo belalandaensis. A detailed explanation of how and why the chameleon changes color is included as well. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPchamel.rtf

Chapter 14 of Origins of Species by Darwin
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A 3 page paper which summarizes chapter 14 of Charles Darwin’s “Origin of Species.” No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAdrwn14.rtf

Charles Darwin’s “The Origins of Species”
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A 2 1/2 page paper which examines Charles Darwin’s “The Origins of Species.” Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAdarwn.rtf

Chytridiomycosis Causes Amphibian Mortality
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A 5 page paper that discusses the causes of the dramatic decrease in the numbers of amphibians in Australia and Central America. The essay describes a study conducted by a group of scientists who not only found the cause of the declining population but who discovered a new fungus. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: PGfrogsdie.rtf

Circadian Rhythms
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This 9 page paper looks at Circadian Rhythms and the Circadian Clock. Written in three parts the first part examined what they are how they work and how they differ from homeostatic regulations. The second part looks at how these rhythms impact on the airline industry. The third part looks at the effects of Circadian Desynchronization. The bibliography cites 10 sources.
Filename: TEcirrhythm.rtf

Cloning
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A 5 page paper discussing the history of cloning and the untimely death of Millie, the first cow to be cloned in the US. Cloning has reached the point at which protocol is set and there is no anticipated reason that researchers could not produce a human clone. We have reached the brink of ethics, however, and it is yet unclear whether science should proceed. This debate forms the core of discussion surrounding cloning today. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KScloning.rtf

Cloning is Wrong
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A 7 page paper research paper that discusses why human cloning is morally wrong. The writer offers a literature survey that concentrates on how people feels on this topic. Bibliography lists 13 sources.
Filename: khcloop.rtf

Cloning the Canine: Articles from the Popular Press and a Peer-Reviewed Journal
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A 6 page overview of the phenomenal success achieved in South Korea in 2005 with the first successful dog clone. This paper compares two articles detailing the experiment, one from a peer-reviewed journal and written by the primary researchers and another from the popular press. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPcloneD.rtf

Coho Salmon: Description and Life History
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A 7 page overview of the Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) one of the smallest of the salmon species. Describes the appearance and morphological characteristics as well as reproductive behavior. Emphasizes the importance of habitat to this species and the impacts which that habitat is experiencing. Includes a one page description of other related species such as the Chinook salmon and the herring family. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPcoho.wps

Considerations in Stem Cell Research
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A 3 page discussion of the most recent developments in stem cell research. These developments are accentuated by the discovery of the potential utility of amniotic stem cells. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPstemCell2007tech.rtf

Copyright And Genome Databases
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18 pages in length. The antagonistic issue of ownership is one that transcends virtually all boundaries of what might otherwise be considered a civilized society. From ancient Rome to contemporary times, the fight for lawful claim upon a certain entity has always been ensnared within the confines of man's contempt for fair distribution of any given commodity. The concern over the absence of any copyright protection laws for human genomics databases is but one of myriad issues surrounding the entire precarious research program; with sensitive and pertinent information being discovered in relation to human genomics research, and the fact that anyone is fully capable of securing that information without prior permission by only slightly modifying the existing database, original creators and critics are up in arms about the unethical and inequitable nature of such unprotected actions, a bone of contention that has existed in various forms for hundreds of years. Bibliography lists 30 sources.
Filename: TLCgenom.rtf

Corn Snake
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A 3 page overview of the habits and life of the corn snake. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAcrnsn.rtf

Correlation of Hearing Loss and Smoking
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A 6 page paper investigating the relation of hearing loss to cigarette smoking. Hearing loss and smoking would appear not to be related physically, given the information we have about the effects of smoking. The purpose here is to review the few studies that have been done and to draw some conclusions about the possible relationship. Research shows that it may be that hearing loss and smoking are closely related, not in biochemical relations but in the common environments in which both exist simultaneously. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSsmokeStHear.rtf

Cousin Marriages: The Biological Deterrents
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A 5 page overview of the biological manifestations of inbreeding (consanguinity). Discusses the coefficient of relationship and how this relates to increase propensities for certain diseases, malformations, and maladaptations. Concludes that while the results of consanguinity can be negative there is also the increased likelihood of passing on certain desirable traits as well. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPcousin.wps

Cow Ticks
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8 pages in length. An in-depth discussion of the problem of cow ticks and their biological manifestation. Social, health, and economic implications are explored against a scientific background. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: Cowticks.wps

Creatine Phosphate
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A 5 page research paper that discusses the biochemistry of creatine phosphate, a crucial element in the production of muscle energy. The writer discusses its function, structure, and pathways. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khpo3.rtf

Creationism vs Evolution
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A 5 page consideration of the respective arguments for each of these philosophies. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPcreatnEvol.rtf

Crocodiles vs People: A Possible Solution?
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A 13 page paper describing crocodiles and discussing ways in which people can coexist with them. Crocodiles coexisted with the dinosaurs, but they have survived their reptilian relatives by 65 million years. All 23 species were listed as endangered in 1971, but only seven remain so designated. In 2000, it was discovered that crocodile cartilage possesses the same anti-tumor bioactivity as does shark cartilage. Preservation of the crocodile could be important for more than only the ecosystems in which they live. Management in Australia has demonstrated that crocodiles and humans can indeed coexist, without undue strain on either the crocodiles or the humans. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: KS-crocs.wps

Cryptococcus Neoformans
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Cryptococcus Neoformans is a pathogen to humans and can cause a range of conditions from asymptomatic illness to lethal systemic disease. This 3 page paper looks at the pathogen, its' ecology, the diseases, symptoms, occurrence, treatment and prognosis. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TECryptoN.rtf

Current Research in Aspects of Cell Structure
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A 10 page paper discussing current research trained on structure, rather than on processes. There is so much attention focused on biochemical pathways and the interactions of compounds with each other that the basics of structure are often overlooked. As it becomes more important to discover methods of industrial miniaturization and continued enhancement of return on the raw materials of meat and meat product production, we likely can expect greater focus on natural structures and their influence in regulating processes. The paper includes an outline and discussion of research focusing on bacterial flagella, cell walls, cell division and nerve cells. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: KScellStruc.wps

Cyanobacteria
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This 4 page report discusses the origins, evolution, and purposes of cyanobacteria Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BWcyanob.rtf

Cytochrome P450
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Cytochrome P450 (CYP450 or P450) is the term used for a sizeable quantity of oxidative enzymes that are evolutionarily related. This 24 page paper looks at what these enzymes are, where they are found, their catalytic cycle, the physical characteristics, the importance to humans including how they are induced in humans, the genes and what happens when they do not function correctly. The bibliography cites 30 sources.
Filename: TEcytoP450.rtf

Darwin's "Origin of the Species": An Evolutionary Progression of Concepts
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A 10 page discussion of the first eight chapters of Charles Darwin's "Origin of the Species". Presents the thesis that "Origin of the Species" itself is a product of evolutionary progression of thought. The first two-thirds of the book, Chapters 1 through 4, introduce Darwin's most basic evolutionary thoughts while the subsequent chapters 5 through 8 introduce the more complex concepts of Darwin's evolutionary theory. These chapters also show a correlation with the thoughts and work of others of Darwin's time, a correlation which builds rather than diminishes as the book moves from introduction to conclusion. These influences themselves can be contended to be environmental factors in shaping the final layout of "Origin of the Species". Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPdarwin.wps

Darwin's Challenges to Convention
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A 5 page paper discussing evolution, natural selection and social Darwinism. There are many who continue to argue today that Darwin was mistaken, that origin of species could not arise in the manner he described. There are many more, however, absolutely convinced that Darwin found the mechanism by which species arise. The controversy surrounding Darwin's theories continues, further supporting the statement that he challenged accepted scientific theories and changed the way that people viewed science. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KSdarwin00.wps