Science, Technology, and Understanding the Universe
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This 5 page report discusses the idea that science does not yet have a full understanding of the universebut that technology will enable humanity to reach that understanding in the next few decades. The writer of this paper takes exception with such a statement and notes that as knowledge has increased and resulted in ever-advancing levels of technological capabilities, scientists have come to understand that earlier questions may have been too simplistic or too limited in the scope of what was being asked. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BWsciuni.rtf

Science: The Salve For All Our Ills?
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A 5 page discussion of the evolution in the way we view science. The author presents a fictional scenario of a great scientist, an atomic physicists in fact, whose greatest revelation has been that man’s mutual respect for his environment and the organisms which live in it is really the lesson that science can, and does, smooth the rocky path of life. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPscienc.rtf

Science: The Only Viable Way To Knowledge?
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6 pages in length. Scientific knowledge has long been purported as the only viable means by which mankind truly knows how and if something exists; without empirical proof, a given entity's existence is merely speculative at best. To rely upon any other way of knowing - emotions, reason, language, perception - is to grasp at straws, because tangibility is the key component to whether or not is real. The problem with this stringency, however, is how the scientific community refuses to take into account the very elements of man's sense perception and communicative abilities as equally feasible ways by which to acquire knowledge instead of immediately discounting any value in humanity's innate capacity for acquiring wisdom through any other means, not the least of which includes religion. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TLCscience.rtf

Scientific Discovery: Male Mice Sing To Their Female Counterparts
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5 pages in length. In Ultrasonic Songs of Male Mice, Timothy E. Holy and Zhongsheng Guo seek to determine the extent to which male mice emit ultrasonic songs when in the vicinity of female mice. They discover, through scientific methodology, the conditions upon which this occurs, the varied nature of syllables used and the vastly superior scale upon which these songs are delivered. The hypothesis, therefore, seeks to determine the equivalency to what equates to song, as well as the level of diversity with regard to the individual male mouse, which results indicate a "small but significant difference in syllable usage and the temporal structure of their songs" (Holy et al, 2005, p. 386), suggesting how mice communication may hold myriad more complexity than has been understood. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCMiceSing.rtf

Scientific Method
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A 4 page research paper that discusses the processes involved in the scientific method and how this works in regards to empirical research and also how scientists decide on research design, that is, qualitative or quantitative methods. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: khscim.rtf

Scientific Method and the Limitations of Robots
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A 4 page contention that uncreative robots can never be expected to be able to employ the scientific approach that we characterize as the scientific method. The author relies on the book "No Stone Unturned: Reasoning About Rocks and Fossils" by author E. Kirsten Peters to support this contention. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPsciRob.rtf

Scientific Method in Everyday Application
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A 4 page description of a student's use of deduction and induction to figure out what triggers migraine attacks for one of their friends. The author distinguishes between a hypothesis and a theory. No sources are listed.
Filename: PPsciMth.rtf

Scientific Realism and the “No Miracles” Argument
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This 7 page report discusses what scientific realism is and how it applies to what Hilary Putnam defined in 1975 as the “no miracles” argument. The argument, also referred to as the “ultimate argument” is thought of as the primary philosophical argument in favor of scientific realism. Traditional scientific realism presents very singular opinions regarding scientific hypotheses, theoretical entities, and scientific understanding: theories in, at least, mature sciences are typically and for the most part true. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: BWnomir.rtf

Scientific revolutions
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A five page paper which considers the social, economic and political conditions which are necessary for scientific revolution to take place, with particular reference to the ideas put forward in Koestler's The Sleepwalkers. Bibliography lists one source.
Filename: JLkoestl.rtf

Scientific Theories/ trustworthy?
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A 5 page essay that examines the basis for what does and does not make a scientific theory trustworthy. The writer substantiates her opinions by referring to James S. Perlman's book Science Without Limits. No other sources cited.
Filename: 00scth.rtf

Scientific Theory: Is the Proof in Empirical Evidence?
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12 pages. If scientific theory has confirming instances and it is not falsified by any available empirical evidence at a given time but is empirically adequate at that time, then is every scientific theory that is empirically adequate at a given time scientifically acceptable at that time? This paper considers this interesting and thoughtful question and gives a convincing argument about it. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: JGAscith.rtf

Scientific Thinking
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A 5 page research paper that discusses the scientific method -- what it is, how it began and how it is used today by scientists in order to add to the ever-growing body of scientific knowledge. The writer outlines the steps to the scientific method of inquiry and differentiates scientific knowledge from other areas of belief. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: khscith.rtf

Scientific Thought
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This 3 page paper examines scientific thought and compares it to ordinary thought. The scientific method is discussed. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: SA818sci.rtf

Scission Whites Illusion
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This 4 page paper examines the Scission Whites Illusion; looks at what it is, how it is perceived, how the illusion works and what it indicates about the underlying perceptual system. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEscisson.rtf

Script/Animated Film of Evolutionary Progress
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A 3 page script that is, hypothetically, suppose to accompany an animated film that pictures the origins of life on Earth. The writer covers such as topics as continental drift, changes in oxygen levels in the atmosphere and the slow emergence of life in specific eons and periods. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: khevoscr.rtf

Seagulls in a Nutshell
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This 5 page paper considers the seagull and their lives. The paper includes factual information on the gulls such as life span, feeding habits, physical characteristics and the care of the young. After this the writer moves on to consider why and how these birds may be seen as pests and the consequences to both the birds and the environment. The bibliography cites 6 sources.
Filename: TEseagul.wps

Seahorses / With Particular Emphasis On Hippocampus ingens
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A 5 page look at seahorse biology and impacts to their population such as the aquarium and pharmaceutical trades. Includes a particular emphasis on Hippocampus ingens. Bibliography lists twelve sources.
Filename: Seahorse.wps

Seaquakes
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A 3 page paper which discusses seaquakes. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAseaqu.rtf

Second-Order Predation: Alternative To The Overkill Theory
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3 pages in length. Much debate transpires when the subject of the overkill hypothesis is cited to explain Pleistocene's fauna extinction; with enough scientific data to prove otherwise, second-order predation serves a viable alternate theory to clarify the cause of such massive loss. It is not the least bit unusual or unexpected to suspect H. sapiens as the primary culprit of animal extinction during the Ice Age, inasmuch as man has been repeating this pattern ever since H. sapiens entered the planet's timeline. A clear case of history repeating itself, second-order predation as a cause for the Pleistocene extinction illustrates how human presence then -- as it continues to be now -- quickly evolves into an imbalance of resources pointed toward H. sapiens' favor. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: TLCiceage.rtf

Secondary Succession
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This 5 page paper provides a secondary succession time line and an exploration of the named plants. Requirements for plant life and how they interrelate with one another and their environment are the topics addressed. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: SA037SS.rtf

Sedimentary Rocks
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A 3 page paper which examines the formation and categories of sedimentary rocks. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RArocks.rtf

Seed Dispersal and Germination: The Effects of Wind and Fire
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A 7 page discussion of the impact of fire and wind on seed germination and dispersal. Discusses the evolutionary adaptations of certain seeds which have allowed them to benefit from wind or fire and discusses how fire can have both direct and indirect effects on seed germination. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPseedDs.wps

Seed Dispersal Mechanisms Found In Epiphytic Plants
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7 pages in length. Epiphytic plants – those such as herbs that live off other plants – utilized various seed dispersal mechanisms depending upon habitat and whether or not those mechanisms are biotic or abiotic. When examining these criteria, it is important to consider how nature's impact upon said mechanisms can become interwoven with man's attempts to intervene in the natural course of seed dispersal. Of the myriad ways in which epiphytic plants spread their seed and ultimately make it to appropriate sites for germination and establishment, the use of fire, wind and animals represent the primary ways in which new plant growth is made possible. Some plants even employ the help of more than one way in which to disperse their seeds. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: TLCseeds.rtf

Seed Dormancy / Evolutionary Importance
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A 5 page overview of seed dormancy. Relates the importance of dormancy to sustaining the population and to the evolutionary development of a species. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Seeddorm.wps

Sensing, Thinking, Verbalizing, Believing and Knowing: An Ice Sculpture, Theology, and Science
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A 4 page overview of the processes we go through to justify and vocalize beliefs. Centering around our observations and belief regarding an ice sculpture being used as an Easter Meal centerpiece, this paper contrasts esoteric belief and scientific belief. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPbelie2.rtf

Sensory Perception
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This 7 page paper provides an overview of the senseory perception involved in experiencing a rose. This paper outlines the basics of three different sensory systems, with a focus on the sense of smell. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: MHRose.rtf

Sensory Perception: Physiological Biases from Past Experiences and their Relations to Cultural and Racial Biases
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An 8 page overview of the physiological basis of our perceptions. Discusses the phenomenon of phantom limbs in depth and relates this phenomenon to neurological processes and the structure of the brain itself. Suggests that given the number of physiological processes which can lead to false perceptions it difficult to trust even our own bodily perceptions. Extends this thought to a discussion of racial and cultural prejudices, of ingroups verses outgroups. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPsensor.wps

SERVICES FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED IN VIRGINIA
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This 10 page paper analyzes the structure of the state of Virginia in regard to its policies and programs available for the blind and visually impaired.Assistive technolgy employed is explored. Examples of successful programs along with their statistics given. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: MBblind1.rtf

Sex Chromosomes in Flowering Plants
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A 7 page review of the literature review presented by Ming, Wang, Moore, and Paterson in the February 2007 edition of the American Journal of Botany. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPplntssexchromosomes.rtf

Sexual Dimorphism in Brain Structure
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A 10 page discussion of the differences which exist between males and females in terms of brain structure. There is no contesting the fact that there are structural differences between male and female brains. These differences are found in numerous species of vertebrates and, in fact, in human beings themselves. Just what these differences mean, however, is a subject of considerable debate. While brain size in particular seems to be linked to greater intelligence for many species, no definitive proof exists that human males are any more intelligent than human females. The manner in which males and females process information, however, does differ significantly. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPsexBrn.rtf

Sexual Mimicry
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This 11 page paper provides an overview of the basic elements of sexual mimicry in animal populations. This paper outlines the way in which some animals achieve genetic (reproductive) success by 'pretending' to be the opposite sex. Further, this paper also describes examples and analyzes the dynamics of this phenomenon, including when this 'skill' is beneficial. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: MHmimicr.wps

SHAPIN HISTORY AND THE TRUTH
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This 10 page paper discusses, compares and contrasts Steven Shapin's two books, 'A Social History of Truth' and 'The Leviathan and the Air-Pump'. The major themes and thesis of each are outlined. Examples and quotes cited from texts with page numbers. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MBshapin.rtf

Shark Attack or Accident?
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Shark Attack or Accident?: This 11-page essay discusses issues relevant to what today’s scientists know/ believe about why sharks attack humans. Is the Great White shark tantamount to Stephen Spielberg’s “eating machine” in Jaws, or do these aquatic giants attack Man out of more “prudent” reasoning? For dyed-in-the-wool cowards like myself, aquatic abstinence is the only sure bet. Bibliography lists 10 sources. SNSharks.doc
Filename: SNSharks.doc

Shipwreck Archaeology
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9 pages in length. Shipwreck archaeology can contribute knowledge to archaeological narratives constructed from more conventional data. Given the fact that contemporary explorers are no longer limited by the restriction of underwater depth, the potential for significant gains in archaeological knowledge is both grand and far-reaching. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TLCShipW.rtf

Short and Long-Term Costs of the January 17, 2002 Eruption of Mount Nyiragongo
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A 5 page overview of the costs associated with this volcanic eruption. An overview is provided of the number of lives and types of property lost as well as of the foreign relief effort. The author emphasizes, however, that in effect these costs are only short-term. This paper points out that the long-term costs of the eruption, costs associated with environmental impacts such as global warming, could overshadow short-term costs. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPvolca3.rtf

Sigma Binding Factors In E.coli
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This 10 page paper examines and describes the sigma binding factors. The writer considers sigma 70 and sigma 32, with the heat shock response as well as sigma 54 and SigmaS (sigma38). The bibliography cites 10 sources.
Filename: TEsigmae.wps

Signal Transduction in Plants
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A 5 page review of the manner in which information is passed between the various parts of a plant. Transduction is accomplished through a complex interaction of chemical constituents and plant physiology. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: PPplntSgnls.rtf

Significance Of The Telescope
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3 pages in length. Mankind twitters at the thought of life outside the limitations of planet Earth; the telescope has helped to define - at least to some degree - what makes up the universe that humans can see with their eyes, as well as gives people an indication of what might exist beyond that visual range. In essence, the telescope is the conduit between the tangible reality of that which exists on this planet and the peripheral - even ethereal - components that reside in the vastness of space. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCTelescp.rtf

Sir Isaac Newton
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This 11 page paper begins with a brief biography of Sir Isaac Newton. His major ideas, discoveries, inventions and works are identified. The Newton - Leibniz calculus controversy is discussed. Those who influenced Newton's works are identified. His legacy and impact in the fields of mathematics and science as well as the world's beliefs about the nature of the universe are discussed. The writer also comments on the role of the apple in Newton's thoughts about gravity. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PGnewton.rtf

Skeletal Muscle Contraction and Structure
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A 5 page paper describing muscle function and structure. There are several theories of the action of muscle contraction. Though at least two of these theories appear to be more than plausible, the precise mechanism by which muscles contract still is not absolutely known. What is known, however, is that the entire process is biochemically controlled and tightly choreographed to produce the desired result. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: KSmuscCont.rtf