Proteins, Enzymes and Amino Acids
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A 4 page overview of the structure and function of proteins, enzymes, and amino acids. Details how structure affects function. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPprotei.rtf

PSEUDOSCIENCE AND THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
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This 3 page paper discusses pseudoscience. An example is made of a website sporting claims about the prehistory of mankind and UFOs. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: MBufo.rtf

Pseudoscience and the Paranormal
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A 3 page discussion of the flawed approaches that are made by creationists and evolutionists alike. This paper revolves around the contrasting opinions presented in the online article "The Prophets Condemn the Common (False) Idea of Evolution" and the book "Pseudoscience and the Paranormal" by author Terence Hines. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPsciFr2.rtf

Pseudoscience: Common Depictions Verses Scientific Fact in Homosexuality
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A 5 page discussion of the inaccuracies regarding the root causes of sexual preference. Suggests that these inaccuracies are particularly damaging when they are misrepresented as scientific fact. Present real facts regarding homosexuality which would support the contention that sexual preference is genetically determined. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPsciFrd.wps

Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
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A 5 page paper discussing the Psittacine disease that is not limited only to the parrot family. PBFD has been found to infect and cause disease in geese and even guinea pigs, and it is believed to affect poultry species as well. It is now known that the disease is caused by a virus and that feather dystrophy may be the only symptoms apparent until shortly before death. The virus persists in the environment for long periods that may stretch into years. It has increasing commercial implication as birds become more common pets, and it has long-reaching implications for aviculture's efforts to preserve those species endangered by loss of tropical habitat. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KS-PBFD.wps

Psychological Function and the Cerebral Cortex
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A 9 page discussion of the many diverse roles the cerebral cortex plays in psychological function. The author describes this portion of our brain and the mechanisms through which it works. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPpsyCer.rtf

Puffer Fish
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A 5 page paper which examines the exotic and poisonous fish also known as a blowfish, globefish and is served as an extravagant and dangerous Japanese sushi-like delicacy. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TGpuffer.rtf

Qualitative And Quantitative Research Methods: Application Within Education Research
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12 pages in length. Quantitative research should begin with an idea that is usually articulated as a hypothesis by the researcher which then, through measurement, generates data and then by deduction allows a conclusion to be drawn. In contrast to this method, qualitative research begins with intent to review a certain area. The researcher then collects data through observations and interviews and generates his or her ideas and hypotheses from these data. These inferences are largely made through what is known as inductive reasoning. The strength of the quantitative approach is in its reliability or the repeatability of the pattern. The same measurements should yield the same results every time. The strength of qualitative research lies in its validity or closeness to the truth. That means that good qualitative research, by using a diverse number of data collection methods, should actually touch the core of what is going on rather than just skimming the surface of the facts. The validity of qualitative methods is greatly improved upon by using a combination of research methods. This is a process known as triangulation and is used by independent analysis of the data by more than one researcher. The writer discusses how qualitative and quantitative research methods apply to research in education. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TLCqunt2.rtf

Quantitative Research
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A 5 page paper which provides a step-by-step approach to conducting quantitative research analysis. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TGquant.rtf

Quantum Mechanics
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A 6 page paper that provides an overview of the progression from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics. This paper begins with the developments of Max Planck and considers a number of major theories, including Einstein's theory of relativity, and their application for quantum theory. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: Quantum.wps

Quasars
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An 11 page discussion of quasars. Defines quasar and discusses their relevance to the galaxies in which they exist. Discusses astronomical theory and the methodologies such as red shift and gravitational lens' used to quantify various aspects of quasars such as size and distance from the earth. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPquasar.wps

Questions in Biology
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A 15 page address of fifteen specific questions from biology. The author addresses questions ranging from the association between carbon dioxide and photosynthesis to genetics to seed dispersal. Three sources are listed.
Filename: PPbioTestQs.rtf

Questions on the Article; Room-temperature continuous-wave operation of GaInNAs/GaAs quantum dot laser with GaAsN barrier grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy
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This 6 page paper answers questions set by the student concerning the use with GaAsN barrier grown by solid source molecular beam epitaxy when used in quantum dot lasers. The bibliography cites 1 source.
Filename: TEquandot.rtf

Questions on Waldrop's Complexity
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An 8 page paper that answer 30 questions pertaining to Mitchell Waldrop's text Complexity, which explores the ramifications of complexity theory and its implications for society. No additional sources cited.
Filename: khwalcom.rtf

Radar
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5 pages in length. The history and function of radar and its subsequent updates in technology throughout the years is a subject of great interest and one of constant change. Science now uses radar in more ways than we realize, from military defense to watching the weather, even to warning us if we are about to get a speeding ticket. This paper will take a brief look at the history of radar and some of the changes it has gone through, as well as considering the many uses it has now, and some future uses that are still on the drawing board. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAradar.wps

Radioactive Physics: Discovery and Application
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An 8 page overview of the discovery and importance of radioactive physics. Emphasizes that this discovery that alpha, beta, and gamma rays have unique qualities has resulted in the application of that knowledge in a diversity of applications, one of the most interesting of which is analytical techniques found in geoarchaeology. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPradioa.rtf

Radon: A Colorless, Odorless, Tasteless Gas
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A 5 page description of the gas radon. Provides the history of its discovery as well as information on the molecular characteristics of the gas, the various isotopes, and potential threats to human health. Concludes that while there are valid and useful application of radon, it is a gas which presents a number of concerns. The most obvious of these are found in association with mining for uranium and in toxic waste dumps. Perhaps one of the most concerning aspects of radon overall, however, is its insidious infiltration into our homes and buildings. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPradon.wps

Realism and the Quest for Scientific Explanation
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A 5 page discussion of scientific advancements during the Seventeenth century and forward. Emphasizes the inquisitive mindset of the time and the number of different scientific developments that inquisitiveness led to. Specifies particular works and scientists and suggests related images on the World Wide Web. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPrealis.wps

REALISM VERSUS ANTIREALISM IN PHILOSOPHIES OF SCIENCE
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This 5 page paper discusses the diverging philosophies of realism/antirealism in the sciences. The philosophies of Descartes and Bacon are exampled with quotes and citations given from both. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: MBsciphil.rtf

Reclaiming Hetch Hetchy Valley
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This 11 page paper argues that the O’Shaughnessy Dam in Yosemite Valley should be dismantled and the Hetch Hetchy Valley restored to its original condition. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: HVHetHet.rtf

Red Tide: Impact Upon Mammals, Humans And Tourism
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3 pages in length. Man's constant quest to advance his own species has typically been realized at the expense of all others in the plant and animal kingdom; only when the detrimental impact of humanity's selfish actions ultimately impact homosapiens is any thought given to fixing the problem. Such is the case with the phenomenon known as red tide whereby a toxic algal bloom caused by any number of man-made instigators poisons food sources and threatens the lives of those who consume the tainted delicacies. Inasmuch as the sea sustains all life - whether on land or in the water - its contribution to world survival equates to food, natural resources, drinking water and the protection of endangered species, a role it cannot play if its waters are full of red tide toxins. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TLCRedTide.rtf

Reducing Green House Gas Emissions in Irish Dairy Farming
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There is little doubt that green house gases need to be reduced. This 15 page paper summarizes an article that assesses the potential of different dairy herd management systems to reduce the direct and indirect green house gas emissions. The reseach also looked at the impact on profit levels. The paper summarises the findings of the reseach and then offers a neutral opinion on the reseach. The bibliography cites 1 source.
Filename: TEgasfarm.rtf

Regulating Patents for the Human Genome
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8 pages in length. This paper gives a convincing argument that the high money stakes for the human genome research needs to be more closely regulated by the government. The inherent problems in allowing private enterprise to profit from this means it could be less than helpful to medical research. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAgnome.wps

Regulating Patents for the Human Genome
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10 pages in length. This paper gives a convincing argument that the high money stakes for the human genome research needs to be more closely regulated by the government. The inherent problems in allowing private enterprise to profit from this means it could be less than helpful to medical research. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAgnome1.wps

Regulating Patents for the Human Genome
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12 pages in length. Goes over the arguments against Human Gerome research, as well as those arguements for it. This excellent paper gives a great overview of the entire research and earning potential of the research on human genetic mapping. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: JGAgnome2.wps

Reinforced Soil Steel
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A 5 page paper discussing the practice of reinforcing soil with narrow steel bands, a technique that provides immense benefit in soil stabilization for construction projects and can reduce costs as much as 50 percent. This method of reinforcing soil for construction purposes has been found to be useful in a variety of settings and for a wide range of purchases. It is useful in virtually any setting in which there will be static or dynamic stresses on supporting soil, such as bridge abutments or roadways running along the top of sloping terrain. It is also useful in areas in which earthquake activity is common. Includes 2 figures. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: KSengSoilSteel.rtf

Reliability and Validity in Measurement
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Reliability and validity, two crucial dimensions of empirical measurement, enable researchers to say that whatever they are measuring can be relied upon to be dependable, and that whatever is measured is being measured accurately. Reliability can be proved, while validity must be inferred and can never be perfectly verified. Yet, despite this probability, credible and worthwhile research is still performed. Bibliography lists 6 sources. jvMeasrm.rtf
Filename: jvMeasrm.rtf

Reliability and Validity in Statistical Studies
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A 5 page paper discussing reliability and validity. The paper begins with defining the terms; how they relate to each other; and why they are important in statistics. It then identifies statistical tests, and concludes with an example. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: KSresReliabVal.rtf

Remote Sensing
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This 7 page paper defines what remote sensing is, traces its history briefly, and explores some of its uses and what it might become in the future.
Filename: HVRemote.rtf

Remote Sensing of Global Change
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This 6 page paper looks at the way in which global change is monitored by different types of remote sensing equipment, from weather balloons to Satellite equipment and the software used to evaluate the data. The bibliography cites 7 sources.
Filename: TEremsen.wps

Renewable Energy Source: The Benefits of Hydrogen Fuel Cells:
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This 7 page paper examines the health and environmental benefits of renewable sources of energy versus their fossil fuel counterparts. More specifically, this paper examines the benefits of hydrogen fuel cells, their impact upon the environment, and their future applications. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: GSEnergy.rtf

Research Approaches To Extend Life Span In Lower Organisms
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10 pages in length. The quest for life extension continues to preoccupy mankind's scientific endeavors. Research in the area of increased longevity in lower organisms has produced findings associated with environmental (external) implications (Jazwinski, 1996), the discovery of longevity genes (Varmus, 1997), caloric limitations to produce beneficial metabolic changes (Yamaza et al, 2002) and achieving the same benefits of calorie limitations without the associated depravation by way of molecular mimicry (Anonymous, 2002). Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: TLCLfSpn.rtf

Research Design Considerations for the Evaluation of Effective Management Regimes for Oral Thrush in the Oncology Setting
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A 4 page discussion of the various criteria which enter into research design. The author contends that not only does thrush present quantitative issues into the research environment, it also presents humanistic issues, issues which are sometimes more effectively evaluated with the use of qualitative verses quantitative research. A discussion of methods, methodologies, theoretical perspective, and epistemology is included. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPthrush.rtf

Research Methodology Issues
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An 11 page research paper that addresses multiple issues pertaining to how research is conducted. The writer defines numerous terms and discusses the differences between quantitative and qualitative research, inductive and deductive reasoning and also the advantages of mixed method research studies, among other topics. Bibliography lists 26 sources.
Filename: khrmetis.rtf

Research Proposal # 2
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A 6 page paper proposing specific research. One of the perplexing realities of the body of knowledge surrounding some of the paths of differentiation and affinities of specific molecules and specific genes is that they frequently behave in ways unexpected under current theory. Despite the fact that immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor genes use the same recombinases, Ig genes are functionally rearranged only in B-cells and TCR genes only in T-cells. The basis for this lineage specificity of antigen receptor gene expression is still not well understood. The purpose of this proposed research is to attempt to determine why the genes are arranged only in the narrowly specified cell types. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: Resrcig.wps

Research Question and the Hypothesis
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A 3 page short discussion of this topic that addresses both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: khreshyp.rtf

Research Review/Color Perception & the Brain
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A 9 page research paper that offers a literature review that summarizes six research studies having to do with color perception. The author offers a brief synopsis of each study, relating the basic parameters of the study to the topic of research that addresses the underlying physiological mechanisms in the brain that pertain to color perception. From these studies, the author concludes that color perception plays a dynamic role in helping individuals discriminate among the tremendous stream of visual sensory data as to what objects in a visual perception field warrant attention. An abstract of the paper is included. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: khcolper.rtf

Research to Solve Problems: An Analysis of the Problem Solving Found in One Medical Journal Research Article in Regard to Assessing Pain Perception
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A 7 page analysis of a typical research article which is encountered in the medical literature. The author of this paper provides an overview of the procedures and findings reported in a study designed to provide a quantitative analysis of pain in the neonatal intensive care unit at a major hospital. Data collection, analysis, interpretation, and conclusions are all encapsulated and applied to the task of solving a problem. Suggestions for future research is included. Bibliography lists 4 sources. PPrsrcAn.rtf
Filename: PPrsrcAn.rtf

Resolving the Ecological Impacts of Algal Blooms
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A 10 page overview of the complexity of ecological problems created by algal blooms. Emphasizes that these blooms are caused by excess nutrient loading through pollutant discharges and that they result in tremendous impacts to ecological systems. Outlines the current state of regulation in regard to nutrient loading and details its application to algal blooms. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPalgae.wps

Retinal Scan Biometrics
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7 pages. Biometrics is the use of physical characteristics to identify a person. This rapidly emerging technology is becoming more common as security measures are taken to a new level. Retinal scan biometrics uses iris recognition to identify the pattern of the iris that is as unique to each individual as are fingerprints. This outstanding research paper gives a detailed narrative of the emerging field of retinal scan biometrics. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: JGA4eyes.rtf