Piotr Alekseyevich Kropotkin’s “Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution”
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This 8 page report discusses the theories of Piotr Alekseyevich Kropotkin (1842-1941), a Russian geographer, social philosopher, and political anarchist. Kropotkin’s work and observations of the natural world convinced him that creatures survived when they supported one another but had to face an enormous amount of pain and dissension when they turned on one another. Such thinking flew in the face of the popularity of Social Darwinism and served as a significant philosophical contention. “Mutual Aid” was primarily written as a rebuttal to Thomas Huxley’s essay titled “The Struggle for Existence in Human Society.” Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BWkropot.wps

Plant Growth: The Importance of Soil and Photosynthesis
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A 6 page review of the importance of soil and photosynthesis to plant growth. The author identifies the nutrients of concern for plants as well as other environmental parameters that can affect their growth. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPsoil.rtf

Plant Physiology, Morphology and Ecology in the Sonoran and Saharan Desert: A Comparison
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This 5 page paper provides a detailed description comparing plant physiology, morphology, and ecology of plants of two regions: Sonoran and Sahara Deserts. This paper provides some generalized information on desert conditions and plant physiology and then demonstrates the variations related to the plants studies of both of these regions. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHplantp.wps

Plant Physiology: The Role of Heat and Auxin Regulation
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A 6 page discussion of the role of auxin in plant physiology. Concentrates on the work with Arabidopsis thaliana but ties this research into other plant species and the effects of fire on the physiology of some of these species. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPauxin2.wps

Plant Pollinators
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A 5 page paper on how floral color affects the activity of plant pollinators. Studies show that the color changes that a flower undergoes as it ages has a direct affect on the insect pollinators. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: 99pollin.wps

PLANT PROFILE: BETULACEAE
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This 5 page paper profiles the Birch tree and all in the betulaceae family. Profile includes taxonomy, uses (medicinal, agricultural) as well as research, cultivation and legends. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MBbirch.rtf

Plastics Design and Manufacturing
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A 15 page paper discussing gains and persistent assumptions. Many of the problems attributed to manufacture are not those of the manufacturing process, but rather deficiency in design. Of course products need to be envisioned before they can be produced, but a failing of many manufacturing engineers is that of not approaching their design duties from a variety of perspectives, including manufacturing. This paper describes and analyzes a circuit board assembly line, assesses the evolution of the manufacturing of three-prong electrical plugs and speculates on the type of plastic that could be used in manufacturing processes following the path of the processes in which steel is produced. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: KSplug.wps

Plate Tectonics
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A 5 page discussion of plate tectonics and the phenomenon's influence on the formation of the various features of the earth's topography such as the Himalayan Mountains. Emphasizes that the process is ongoing and that the mountains continue to grow to this day. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPhimala.wps

Plate Tectonics
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A 7 page paper discussing the theory of plate tectonics. Citing the works of various key theorists, the write describes how exploring plate tectonics helps us to better understand the validity of Continental Drift. Bibliography lists five sources.
Filename: Platet.wps

Plato’s “Phaedo,” the Newtonian Revolution and “The Blair Witch Project”
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This 6 page report discusses the fact that Plato explains that the capacity to understand the world outside the world of the individual and his/her internal world includes the ability to interpret, characterize, and associate what seems to be singular things or, at least, singular groups of things. Sir Isaac Newton demonstrate the ability to do that in the context of scientific inquiry. However, centuries later, a movie such as “The Blair Witch Project” still demonstrates humanity’s determination and inability to understand the realm of the metaphysical or the supernatural. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BWfadeoh.wps

Pneumonia
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A 3 page overview of pneumonia. Pneumonia can be caused by a variety of factors. These include both bacterial and viral organisms. The epidemiology of each of these organisms vary as does the specifics of the treatment regime. One of the most important aspects of dealing with pneumonia is prevention. Prevention is especially important for community acquired pneumonia. Effective prevention requires accurate diagnosis of the cases that do exist, isolation of infected patients, and strict attention to hygiene both by the patient and by those that move between patients. While antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial pneumonia, treatment for viral pneumonia is normally supportive in nature. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPpneumo.rtf

Pollan's Botany of Desire
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This 6 page paper examines points made in this book. The paper supports the idea that while the organic fruits and vegetables are a known entity, they are sprayed with pesticides and are not safe, so it makes more sense to choose the genetically engineered fruits and vegetables. No additional sources cited.
Filename: SA909new.rtf

Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Effects on Reproduction
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A 12 page overview of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their adverse impact on the reproduction of both humans and other animals. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: Pcb.wps

Polycomb Group-Mediated Repression of Homeotic Gene Expression in Drosophila
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A 5 page paper discussing two possible actions of polycomb group (PcG) genes in repressing homeotic gene expression in Drosophila. One is that PcG binds to DNA through PcG response elements; the other is the dMi-2 and Hb combine to recruit PcG to DNA, though it may also be possible that Hb recruits dMi-2 directly to DNA. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KSDrosPcG.wps

Polymers for Use in Controlled-Release Drug Delivery Systems
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A 15 page paper discussing the role of polymers in controlled-release drug delivery systems. Includes six illustrations and graphs. Bibliography includes eight sources.
Filename: Polymers.wps

Position Displacement & Distance Traveled By An Object
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A 7 page paper that provides an overview of these two elements as they relate to velocity. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Velocity2.doc

Positive Aspects Combining Nature and Technology
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5 pages. The introduction of bioengineering into the mainstream of science and technology has been nothing more than a natural progression. To be sure, there is a definite need for such advancement if humanity is to endure the climate changes that are affecting the very food crop upon which people depend. Additionally, the advantages of bioengineering within the medical industry have proven indispensable for its groundbreaking discoveries and applications with regard to sustaining health in the human body. There is no question that bioengineering represents mankind's ability to overcome some of nature's most ravaging aspects in order to continue -- and even enhance -- life as we have known it thus far. Without the influence of bioengineering, humanity's food supply and medical advances would suffer greatly. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAntrtc.wps

Possibility of Extraterrestrial Life
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An 8 page paper which researches the possibility of extraterrestrial life. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAet.rtf

Possible Career Directions: Marine Biologist or Personal Trainer?
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A 4 page discussion of these potential career directions. The student choosing an occupational path has a number of considerations to take into account. Even fields as apparently unrelated as Marine Biology and Physical Education (a field often pursued by Personal Trainers) in reality have a number of similarities in regard to certain coursework and career paths which could be chosen. Such fields also have a number of distinctions which the student should consider. This paper considers each. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPprsTrn.rtf

Practical Applications of Systematics
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This 4 page paper looks at systematics mostly in the realm of science but also in other areas. Stephen Jay Gould's views are included. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: SA344sys.rtf

Predicting Tornadoes
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This 5 page paper explains the way that tornadoes can be predicts and the inherent problems in the task. The writer includes descriptions of the Doppler Radar network, the satellite Optical Transient Detector (OTD) as well as the ground spotters. The paper also includes consideration of the difficulties in predicting nondescending tornadoes first observed in 1997. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEtornad.wps

Pregnancy Numbers
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A 7 page research paper that discusses the "numbers" of pregnancy. One way to look at human fetal development and pregnancy is to consider the mathematics involved. From "calculating due dates to weighing the risks of birth defects," pregnancy involves a plethora of numbers, calculations and exponential growth (O'Brien 56). These numbers are discussed. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: khpreg.rtf

Prejudice against the Obese
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This 4 page paper discusses the prejudice that obese people face, including discrimination in jobs, and psychological effects of discrimination. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: HVPrjFat.rtf

Pressure Points and Human Physiology
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A 12 page discussion of pressure points. Defines pressure points and discusses the physiology behind the various sensations which are associated with either intentional or unintentional stimulation of these pressure points. Provides specific examples of ailments and illnesses associated with several pressure points and discusses the role of acupressure and acupuncture in pain relief and in the treatment of various conditions. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: PPpresPt.wps

Presumed Efficiency of Owl Ears
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5 pages. This interesting paper will cover the idiosyncrasies of the ears of owls based on the efficiency of prey location in the dark with asymmetrical ears and symmetrical eyes. The paper compares two species of day owls with two species of night owls in order to determine if there is a difference in their ear placement based on their hunting habits. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: JAowlear.rtf

Prey-Size Selection
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An 8 page research paper on prey-size selection as it relates to spiders. A number of relevant concepts are examined including : aggressive mimicry, pirate spiders vs. web-invading araneophagic spiders, the role of mimetids, and more. Bibliography lists approximately 20 sources.
Filename: Preysize.wps

Primordial Black Holes
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A good, 6 page overview of the phenomena of primordial black holes. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Blckhol.doc

Principles of Engineering Economy
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7 pages. In recent years there has been much to say about 'the new economy' that is sweeping the nation. This is due to the globalization of business and the information technology revolution. There has been a direct impact on engineering as a result of all of this. Studies show that engineers have growing involvement not only in product design, but also in testing, research and development, quality control, and in-plant design. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: JGAengec.wps

Prions / An Informative Overview
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A 5 page examination of the proteanaceous infectious particles which are responsible for the degeneration of brain cells. Concentrates on the replication of these proteins which, unlike living organisms, reproduce in the absence of any genetic material. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Prions.wps

Prioritizing NASA Projects
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A 5 page paper weighing options in a hypothetical light. The assumption is that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has committed itself to expensive major programs in Mars exploration and in searching for and characterizing planetary systems near other stars. The program with the highest priority will be retained and the other will be suspended. The purpose here is to determine which program has the highest priority; the paper concludes that the Mars mission should be retained. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: KS-NASAproj.wps

Processing Similarities for Visual and Auditory Stimuli
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This 5 page paper compares and contrasts the differences in terms of processing visual and auditory stimuli. Perceptual organization is discussed in depth. Many terms such as perception and perceptual organization are defined. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: SA242sti.rtf

Production of Lactic Acid: Artificial Vs Natural
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14 pages in length. As with most things in the twenty-first century, the production of lactic acid has become the latest victim of progress. The natural process that produces the fermented composition of lactose (milk sugar) is no longer considered economically feasible in its current state, inasmuch as it can be reproduced at a rate that is both faster and cheaper. Critics contend that while this technological breakthrough may be beneficial in some ways, it is not looked upon as a advancement toward better nutrition or a plus for the environment. Their claim is that while the ongoing pursuit of bioengineering may produce a viable form of lactic acid, the very process of extracting this substance is what remains in question. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: TLClactc.wps

Progress in Ancient Alchemy
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A 4 page discussion of the many inroads made by ancient alchemists. Although our modern world tends to scoff at alchemy, it involved not just the pursuit to turn other substances into gold but rather formed the rudiments of ancient science. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPalchem.rtf

Prokaryotic Cells: Similarities and Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells and the Potential for Genetic Manipulation
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A 9 page discussion of the cellular structure of these two broad categories of cells. Notes that prokaryotic cells lack a limiting nuclear membrane and are represented among single cell organisms such as bacteria and the blue green algae while eukaryotic cells are found in multicellular organisms. Describes the major structural components of these cells and emphasizes that even the most simplistic of these cells can have tremendous importance even to the most advanced of multicellular organisms. Notes that this importance can be particularly concerning in the case of genetic modification of disease causing single-cell organisms for the purposes of biological warfare. Bibliography lists sources.
Filename: PPcell.rtf

Properties and Uses of Steel Beams
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A 7 page overview of steel beam used and selection criteria. General uses examined are applications in auto making; bridge construction and repair; and in building construction. Different properties are used in each of these broad applications, and the steel industry continues searching for greater alterations preserving steel's strength while providing less mass. Includes an appendix with 2 tables. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KSsteelBeam.wps

Proposal For Researching The Reproductive Patterns Of Armadillidium Vulgare (Pillbug)
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A 5 page overview of Armadillidium vulgare, the pillbug. Includes a description of the organism and its habitat preferences. Discusses the reproductive patterns of the terrestrial isopod and presents a proposal for an experiment designed to determine if minor alterations in substrate in a nursery situation can be used as an effective control for pillbugs. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: Pillbug.wps

Pros and Cons of Animal Testing
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This 3 page paper discusses the pros and cons of using animals in tests for products and medicines intended for ultimate human use. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: HVAnTest.rtf

Prostanoid Receptors
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A 9 page research paper that, first of all, describes prostanoid receptors and their role in human physiology and then briefly summarizes current scientific research on this topic. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: khprorec.rtf

Protein shape & its influence on cellular interactions
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A 6 page research paper that investigates how the shapes that protein assumes influences the healthy functioning of cells. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: khcell.wps

Protein Synthesis
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A 4 page paper describing the method by which ribosomes synthesize proteins in the cell’s cytoplasm. The paper identifies amylase as being one of the body’s proteins, one so specific that its presence in blood confirms diagnosis of pancreatitis, a potentially fatal disease. Includes one figure. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: KSproteinSyn.rtf