Observable/Theoretical Distinction
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A 7 page paper which examines and analyzes Grover Mazwell’s essay “Theoretical Entities” and Bas van Fraassen’s text “A Defense of the Observational/Theoretical Distinction.” No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAthry7.rtf

Observations on Buddhism: Buddhism as a Science?
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A 15 page discussion of Buddhism. The author provides an overview of the basic premises of the religion and presents the content that in many respects it can be viewed as a science. Bibliography lists 15 sources.
Filename: PPbuddh5.rtf

Ocean Bottom Blizzards - The Nature of Benthic Storms
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A 7-page paper that defines the undersea disturbances known as benthic storms and examines the causes and effects of these disturbances. Included is a discussion of the components of the sediment existing in the benthic zone and how these components are suspended and transported by way of the undersea currents that create and push benthic storms. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: LCStorms.doc

Ocean Currents
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5 pages in length. The ocean waves that wash up to the shore in regular intervals do so because of currents that help move the water along its path. Without these currents, the sea would remain a stagnant body of water that could support no life. The writer outlines the concept of oceanic currents, as well as discusses their important duties with regard to all life on the planet. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Currents.wps

Ocean Currents and the Overlying Atmospheric Circulation System
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A 5 page discussion of the relationship between ocean currents and the overlying atmospheric circulation system. Both ocean circulation systems and atmospheric systems have definitive patterns which are comparable in their nature and both function in much the same way in regard to the manner which they move through the world. The author discusses the causes and effects of this interrelationship, noting important phenomena like hurricanes and the ability of the world’s currents to transport not only sedimentary material but man himself. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPoceanC.rtf

Oceanography
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A 5 page paper. Oceanography is the study of the earth's oceans. The different subfields are explained. Chemical oceanography is emphasized and discussed. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PGocean.doc

Oil Production in the United States
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5 pages in length. In considering oil production in the United States it is best to first focus on the five e's. Those are: efficiency, evolution, extent, economics, and environment. By considering each of these topics there is a well-rounded picture of the United States oil production, and this paper will discuss each of these. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAoilpr.wps

Oleaceae: The Olive Family
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A 4 page botanical description of this highly diverse family. The author describes several genera and specific species, paying particular attention to taxonomic characteristics. The invasiveness of Ligustrum sinense (Chinese privet) is explored in relation to its taxonomic characteristics. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPoliveF.rtf

On Science: Constructivist Views vs. Rationalist Views
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This 3 page paper discusses the constructivist and rationalist views of science and scientific experimentation and argues that rationalism is more persuasive. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: HVConRat.rtf

Opals: A Consideration of Origin, Characteristics, and Enhancement Techniques
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An 8 page overview of the geological and physical characteristics of opals. As do all gemstones, opals vary significantly in value. This is determined both by the natural characteristics of the stone and by the degree of enhancement that is employed. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPgemOpl.rtf

Organometallic Compounds
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A 5 page overview of the history of and uses for this broad range of highly reactive compounds so often used as catalysts for many of the processes involved in products ranging in function from containing milk to operating supercomputers. The paper discusses carbonyl cations and anions, hydroformylation and polyalkene polymerization. The entire area of organometallic compounds has been important for decades, but it has been only recently that new discoveries and realization of new uses for old processes has led to increasing benefits so numerous they appear to be limited only by our ability to find them. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: OrganoM.wps

Origin and Physical Characteristics of the Basin & Range Province in the United States
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A 5 page paper that provides a concise overview of the origin and major geological characteristics of the Basin and Range Province of the United States, and considers the implications of this information for understanding the geological development in the region. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Province.wps

Origins of Human Life
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A 6 page research paper that discusses what science knows about the origins of life on Earth and also the origins of human life. Bibliography lists 3 sources
Filename: khhumorn.rtf

ORIGINS OF THE UNIVERSE: BIG BANG AND CREATIONISM
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This paper examines two theories in terms of universe creation, Big Bang and Creationism. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MTbancre.rtf

Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera)
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A 12 page overview of the species, its characteristics, and its ecological niche. This paper emphasizes that not only is the species attractive enough to make it one of the more desirable landscaping plants, it has been used throughout history for purposes as diverse as bow and arrow construction, to use as living fence poles, to phytoremediation. While the species is native to North America, it is not native to all regions of North America even though it has been introduced there. Ironically the same qualities which made it desirable for various anthropomorphic interests have resulted in the plant being spread into areas in which it is now considered an invasive exotic. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: PPosageO.rtf

OUT FROM UNDER THE APPLE TREE: ISAAC NEWTON AND HIS IMPACT
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This 5 page paper examines Sir Isaac Newton and his part in the scientific revolution that impacted Europe during the late 1600s. The paper also discusses Newton's development of calculus, as well as his invention of the scientific method. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: MTnewton.rtf

Overfishing, Sharks, and Biodiversity
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An 8 page overview of the impacts of overfishing on sharks and other species, some of which might not be immediately obvious as to their relation with the shark. Emphasizes that our oceans are fascinating testaments to the complexity and interrelationships of living organisms, that they are comprised of a number of interrelated components, each with its own ecological value. Details possible impacts to both open water diversity and coral reef biodiversity as a result of the overfishing of sharks. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPshark.wps

Overpopulation and the Australian Lifestyle
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This 4 page paper argues that the Australian lifestyle cannot continue to exist if the world population soars to 9 billion. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: HVOvrAus.rtf

Oxytocin
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A 6 page research paper describing the purposes and effects of oxytocin. Oxytocin is one of two hormones produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituatary glands. It is called the "touch hormone" because it has been found to be associated with the bonding that occurs between mother and child. Studies using this hormone in inducing labor are reported. Bibliography is included.
Filename: Oxytocin.doc

Ozone Layer Depletion
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A 6 page paper defining the ozone layer, its importance to life on Earth and the mechanisms by which it is depleted. Given that ozone (O3) is a naturally-occurring substance in the Earth’s atmosphere, the debate surrounding whether it is increasing or decreasing superficially seems to be little more than an academic exercise, or alternatively something for militant environmentalists to champion. It is continually created and destroyed by sunlight, effectively absorbing most UV radiation and preventing it from reaching Earth’s surface. Other free radicals, particularly chlorine, disrupt this creation and destruction process, preventing the formation of more ozone after UV light has destroyed it. The paper discusses the hole over Antarctica, the role of CFCs in depleting the ozone layer and positive signs that are beginning to appear more than a decade after developed nations reduced their use of CFCs. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: KSozoneDeplet.rtf

Pacific Palisades (Los Angeles County): Geographical Components
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7 pages in length. The writer discusses architecture, coastal pollution and mass transit as they relate to Pacific Palisades. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: TLCPacifPal.rtf

Paul Feyerabend and the Trial of Galileo
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Paul Feyerabend and the Trial of Galileo: This 8-page essay examines Paul K. Feyerabend’s views relevant to Galileo’s trial for his heresy. Initially then went on to study science, Feyerabend has been both cheered and condemned for his maverick ideologies. His ideas about the trial on one hand do elicit interest, but on the other -- it’s a prime example of “the baby out with the bath water.” Bibliography lists 4 sources. SNFeygal.doc
Filename: SNFeygal.doc

Perfume; In Nutshell
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This 6 page paper examines the subject of parfume. Included are descriptions of the types of perfume, the terms used in the perfume industry, how perfume is formulated and the way that it is described and perceived in the industry and by consumers. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEperfum.wps

Perspectives in Cognitive Science
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This 4 page paper examines a dilemma in cognitive science. Symbolic and connectionist perspectives are compared and contrasted. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA431cog.rtf

Peter and Rosemary Grant: Galapagos Finches
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A 3 page paper which examines natural selection and evolution concerning the Galapagos finches through the research of Peter and Rosemary Grant. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAggfin.rtf

Peter Dear: “Miracles, Experiments and the Ordinary Course of Nature”
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This 4 page paper discusses Peter Dear’s article “Miracles, Experiments and the Ordinary Course of Nature” and argues that his main point is to trace why scientific thought in France and England developed along different paths, even though both countries were in the midst of the Scientific Revolution. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: HVPtDear.rtf

Pheromone's in Insects
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This 10 page paper looks at pheromones, what they are, how they work, their discovery and how they might be used. The chemical compounds are discussed and the use of the synthetic chemicals as a replacement for pesticides is discussed. The bibliography cites 10 sources.
Filename: TEphemin.wps

Philodendrons: Environmental Considerations and Care
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An 8 page overview of the considerations which must be made when growing Philodendron. Devotes considerable attention to growth preferences and the physiological reasons behind those preferences. Concludes that while Philodendrons are among the easiest of houseplants to grow, attention must be paid to the type of soil that they are planted in, the presence of absence of surfaces upon which the vine can trail, appropriate soil water levels and humidity, and the provision of a clean environment which discourages pests. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: PPplntPh.wps

Philosophy of the Scientific Method
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A 5 page paper defining and discussing the scientific method as defined by the author used as the single source for the paper. The author (Herbert Feigl, 1902-1988) identifies five criteria of the scientific method and examines several misconceptions about its execution. The purpose here is to assess the criteria and respond to three of the misconceptions that the author identifies. The author discussed supports his reasoning well. His arguments defining the scientific method can be applied to valid research of a century ago or to today’s cancer research. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: KSphiloResearch.rtf

Photosynthesis
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A 5 page overview of photosynthesis. This paper provides a brief history of the early discoveries that were relevant to photosynthesis, an overview of the limiting factors affecting it, an outline of the light and dark processes, modern representations of photosynthesis, and a recap of the value of photosynthesis in nature. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPplntPh.rtf

Photosynthesis And The Carbon Cycle
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7 pages in length. The cycle of life is present in myriad forms -- from birds dispersing seedlings far and wide to bees pollinating flowers to animals propagating their respective species -- providing for the survival of every living thing on this planet. The symbiotic relationship that exists between each two elements in the above examples illustrates how the lifecycle could not perpetuate itself if one of them were missing, a point just as pertinent when examining how soil and seed make food as when analyzing the interdependence of photosynthesis and the carbon cycle, with coral reefs representing a most appropriate example of this association. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: TLCphotsyn.rtf

Photosynthesis, and Other Topics
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A 4 page research paper that offers brief answers to 5 science questions. Topics covered include photosynthesis (why it's vital to life); what other source of energy could life have used (hydrothermals); lipids; difference between organic and inorganic molecules and difference between dominant and recessive genes. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: khbioq.rtf

Photosynthesis: Definition and Process
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A 3 page overview of photosynthesis and its important to plants and the world as a whole. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPphotosynthesis.rtf

Physical Features Of Mount St. Helens And Mount Etna
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This 6 page report discusses the physical features of Mount St. Helens in southwestern Washington State and compares it briefly with Mount Etna in Sicily. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Physfeat.wps

Physical Strength: What Is It?
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A 5 page paper which examines the condition of physical strength, arguing that physical strength is not merely something that deals with muscle mass. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: RAphys.rtf

Physics / Theories Explained
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A 5 page research paper that identifies the different branches of classical physics; identifies the two primary theories of modern physics and offers a brief description of advances made in the science during the 20th Century. Eightfold Way theory, or the theory of groupings, is explained. Bibliography included.
Filename: Physics.wps

Physics and the Catapult
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A 4 page discussion of the catapult. This paper describes the design of the catapult and how changing different aspects of that design can change its efficiency. Bibliography lists sources.
Filename: PPcatapultAngle.rtf

Physiological Responses and Adaptation to High Altitude: The Sherpa
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A 6 page overview of the manner in which individuals from high altitude cultures function in high altitude situations. The author discusses the importance of hematological changes, differences in chest morphology, pulmonary function, and metabolism that characterize these people. Bibliography lists 16 sources.
Filename: PPaltitu.rtf

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin: Christ in Evolution
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This 4 page paper examines the thinking of Teilhard and how he justified placing God/Christ within the boundaries of evolutionary science. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: HVChardn.rtf

Pima County Arizona
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8 pages in length. The writer discusses the human aspect (population, ethnic diversity, economics) and physical geography (habitat, climate, vegetation) of Pima County, Arizona. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: TLCcnty.rtf