Mars Exploration: Necessity, Not Choice
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A 5 page discussion of the need for the exploration of this fascinating planet. Argues that the resources which will be provided by Mars and the advances we will achieve in technology and society will offset the costs. Asserts that the exploration of Mars ensures the future of mankind. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPmarsEx.wps

Mars Rovers and Their Missions: An Overview
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In four pages this overview of the Mars rovers’ missions includes background information, recent developments, facts, figures, and photographs. Four sources are listed in the bibliography.
Filename: TGmarsrov.rtf

Mars: Our Future in Space
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A 7 page discussion of the Mars exploration program. Emphasizes the reasons behind our obsession with Mars exploration and traces the revised plans for that exploration which have been fabricated since the loss of two U.S. spacecraft in 1999. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPmarsB.rtf

Martian Splosh Craters
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5 pages in length. The universe is full of unique and unusual compositions that help to differentiate one planet from another. Martian splosh craters – also called rampart craters – are one of the most interesting of all, because the way in which they form has had a direct impact upon the shape of Mars as it exists today. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TLCsplsh.rtf

Martin & Gould/Gender Stereotype & Reproduction
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A 3 page essay that discusses the essays "The Egg and the Sperm" by Emily Martin and "Women's Brains" by Jay Gould. Both authors address how culture can shape and influence what scientists present as "fact." While Martin and Gould address different aspects of gender bias that have appeared in science, they are in agreement that gender stereotypes of male and female behavior have highly influenced how natural phenomena is perceived. Both essays suggest that the general public should be highly skeptical of science whenever so-called "scientific" conclusions appear to justify or rationalize societal biases. No additional sources cited.
Filename: khmargou.rtf

MARTIN FLEISCHMANN AND STANLEY PONS WERE QUALIFIED SCIENTISTS WORKING IN A UNIVERSITY LAB WHEN THEY DISCOVERED COLD FUSION. SO WHY DID MOST SCIENTISTS TREAT COLD FUSION AS AN ‘OUTSIDER’ SCIENCE?
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This 6 page paper gives an overview of the cold fusion fallout and the scientists who discovered it. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: MBcfusion.rtf

Mass, Acceleration, and the Importance of Newton's Constant for Gravitational Force
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A 5 page exploration of the hypothesis that " The mass of an object has no effect on the acceleration of a falling object". The author explores this hypothesis in relation to Newton's Constant for Gravitational force and pulls projects from the literature to illustrate that relationship. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPmass.rtf

MATT RIDLEY AND LANGUAGE INSTINCT IN NON-HUMAN PRIMATES
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This 4 page paper discusses the debate of whether non-human primates have the instinct for learning language as humans do. Examples given, Matt Ridley discussed. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: MBridley.rtf

MEALWORM EXPERIMENT AND WRITE-UP
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This 4-page paper details an experiment involving observation of mealworms and nutrition. The hypothesis is that mealworms fed oat brand or peat moss will gain the same amount of weight. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: MTmealworm.rtf

Mealworms
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8 pages in length. The writer provides biological background, hypothesis and experiment suggestion as they relate to mealworms. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TLCmworm.rtf

Measuring Earthquakes
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This 4 page report discusses how earthquakes are measured and the different variables that must be considered when they are measured. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: BWequake.rtf

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING CONCEPTS
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This paper defines some mechanical engineering concepts including hydraulics, pressure vessels and heating loads. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: MTmeceng.rtf

Mechanisms and Geometry of Rift Zones
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10 pages in length. Discusses rift zones, plate tectonics, spreading centers and continental rift zones as well as how rift zones form. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: JGAriftz.wps

Memes, Biology, and Religious Diversity
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A 12 page research paper that examines a variety of questions concerning biology and current ideas about how it interacts with religion. Topics explored include memes and the work of Susan Blackmore, Consilience by Edward O. Wilson, the work of Gould and Wolfram, and more. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: khmemque.rtf

Memory: A Neurological Viewpoint
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An 8 page discussion of the neurological and environmental processes involved in memory formation and utilization. Emphasizes that the physiology of the phenomena of memory formation is extremely complex. It is a process which is directly associated with the hippocampus area of the brain and involves a number of neurological interactions between the hippocampus and its various components. Injury to the hippocampus area of the brain, whether through physical trauma or disease such as Alzheimer’s, results in detriment to spatial and non-spatial learning, serial learning, memory, and tasks such as passive avoidance performance. Bibliography lists 18 sources.
Filename: PPmemory.wps

Mercury: The Hottest Planet?
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A 3 page overview of the reasons behind the common misperception that Mercury is the hottest planet in its solar system because of its proximity to the Sun. This paper points out the recent discovery of planets which are even closer to the Sun as well as the fact that Venus (which is further from the Sun than Mercury) is actually hotter. The reason for that phenomenon is explained. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPmercur.rtf

Metabolism; Genetic Basis for Deafness
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A 4 page paper containing 2 distinct sections: 1 page on carbohydrates and weight gain, 3 pages discussing the Cx26 gene (GJB2/DFNB1). This gene is associated with autosomal recessive deafness, ranging from moderate to profound. The paper lists and discusses several of the allele variants of this gene. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: KSbioGeneDiet.rtf

Meteorology
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A 20 page overview of meteorology. This paper discusses the importance of the earth’s rotation, tectonic plate movement, and volcanic action in creating the atmospheric and oceanic currents that determine weather. Severe weather events like hurricanes and tsunamis are explored. Bibliography lists 21 sources.
Filename: PPmeteorology.rtf

Methadone and Metabolites -Description of analyte and its’ function
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This 8 page paper looks at the detection of methadone and it metabolites (by products). The paper begins with a description of the chemical structure of the methadone molecule and the identification of primary and secondary metabolites and their presence within the body. The paper then considers the different testing methodologies including immunoassay assay tests, thin layer chromatography, enzymatic analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The bibliography cites 6 sources.
Filename: TEmethadone.rtf

Michael Shermer And Stephen Jay Gould's "Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, And Other Confusions Of Our Time"
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4 pages in length. In Part I of Michael Shermer and Stephen Jay Gould's book entitled "Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time," the authors address such principles as scientific rationalism, empiricism, provisional truth, paradigms and paradigm shifts, uses of evidence, and the skeptic's role in society. Shermer and Gould espouse five primary answers to the title's question, finding that people believe in unsubstantiated things for consolation, immediate gratification, simplicity, moral meaning and inasmuch as hope springs eternal. The authors effectively demonstrate the errors in understanding that ultimately compel people to cling to such insupportable truths, including the inherent desire to see patterns without due cause. Illogic, superstition and unwarranted claims are at the basis of Shermer and Gould's intriguing look at why people believe in esoteric concepts even when proven otherwise. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCweird.doc

MICHIO KAKU’S SECOND THOUGHTS AND GENETIC MANIPULATION
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This 4 page paper discusses one of the three pillars discussed in Michio Kaku's book Visions. In particular Chapter 12 of the book is examined, pros and cons weighed. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: MBkaku.rtf

Microbial Adhesion
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A 5 page overview of the literature reporting on the status of knowledge regarding the factors which influence the adhesion of microbial organisms. Notes that many of these factors are the same in the oral environment as they are in other environments. Emphasizes the importance of the curvature and molecular configuration of the microbe and the short range ionic interactions which occur. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPdentMc.wps

Microbiology: Gram-Positive Bacteria Cells
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This is a 3 page paper discussing Gram-positive bacteria. In the study of microbiology, common Gram-positive bacteria cells are Straphlyococcus aureus or Streptococcus cremoris often used in dairy production. Gram-positive bacteria are considered distinct in their multiple layered cell walls almost made up entirely of peptidoglycan. Gram-positive bacteria have four associated families which include Bacillaceae, Micrococcaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, and Peptococcaceae all of which vary in their growth rates, motility, and the media on which they grow. In addition, some Gram-positive bacteria have the ability to produce specific biochemical activities and/or specific toxins. Because of this, Gram-positive bacteria are sometimes used for fermentation, the reduction of nitrate or the production of coagulase or catalase among other uses. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TJmicro1.rtf

Milk Proteins
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This 5 page paper outlines the properties of milk proteins. Whole milk contains a number of different proteins, including casein and caseinates, beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin, all of which are present in unprocessed milk and most commercial milk products. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: mhmilkpr.rtf

Mineral, Energy, and Water Resources of Kentucky
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A 17 page overview of the natural resources of the state of Kentucky. Provides a broad overview of the types of minerals which exists in the state and emphasizes that mining, while necessary to the economy and energy needs of the state, can have tremendous environmental impacts. Summarizes the importance and impact of limestone mining in particular and cautions that mining alone is not the only adverse environmental impact in the state of Kentucky. Outlines the importance of the states water bodies (including a two page list of some of the most noted) and wetlands and the impacts of such activities as the construction and operation of hydroelectric dams and domestic wastewaters. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: PPkyMnrl.wps

Mineralogy & The Peabody Museum Collection
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A 5 page overview of mineralogy, the branch of science dealing with minerals in the Earth's crust and also those found outside the Earth (such as in lunar samples and meteorites). The writer focuses specifically upon a very important (and well-known) collection stored in the Peabody Museum at Yale University. That particular collection's history is discussed in light of mineralogy itself. Bibliography is missing.
Filename: Mineralg.wps

Miniature Rose Culture
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A 5 page paper discussing the commercial culture of the miniature roses that have become so much easier to find at retail outlets. The paper provides some information on the history of the miniature rose, its propagation, culture and susceptibility to disease and insect pests. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSminiRoses.rtf

Misunderstanding Homosexuality and Gay Relationships from Psychological, Biological, and Social Perspectives:
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In seven pages this paper examines the impetus for the gay riots and subsequent Gay Revolution that took place in June-July 1969 at Greenwich Village’s Stonewall Inn as chronicled in David Carter’s Stonewall and also examines the misunderstandings associated with homosexuality and gay relationships from biological, psychological, and social perspectives. Four sources are listed in the bibliography.
Filename: TGgaystone.rtf

Mitigating Shoreline Erosion
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A 3 page paper presenting a preliminary consultant's report to Cypress Cove, CA about shoreline erosion factors and what the town can do to both restore lost beach area and plan for the long term. The paper reviews five possible approaches and recommends that the town undertake mechanical intervention now (sand nourishment) as well as implementing long-term strategies such as dune protection, planting sea grass and using sand fencing to trap and retain blowing sand. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KSenvShorEros.rtf

Model of Integration: Science and Religion
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A 3 page paper which examines the model of integration as it concerns the relationship between science and religion. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: RAscire.rtf

Modern Day Theory Of Evolution
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5 pages in length. The writer discusses contemporary views on evolution, as well as discusses DNA as it relates to recent evidence. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TLCevlut.wps

Modern Histological Technique and Safety
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This 5 page paper outlines procedures which may be used to create a safer working climate in the laboratory. A technique to substitute more risky materials is explored. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA049his.wps

Molecular Aspects of Latency in Herpes Simplex-1
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A 15 page sequel to KS-HSV.wps expanding on the more basic principles of that first paper. This paper focuses exclusively on HSV-1 and explores issues such as gene expression, gene products, function and possible mechanisms of action of the latency-associated gene expression in much greater depth. It also goes into more highly detailed discussion of molecular conditions and actions in the establishment of latency. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: KS-HSV-1.wps

Molecular Mixtures and Cross-Membrane Transport
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A 5 page review of “Drug Delivery: Breaching the Membrane”, an article by Joe Alper published in the May 3, 2002 edition of “Science”. Alper’s (2002) research concentrates on the cell membrane and the manner in which cross-membrane transport occurs, specifically the manner in which membrane-bound protein transporters function to allow various nutrients and hormones across. Alper’s paper adds insight to both the structure and function of the cell membrane and its components and how each relates to the molecular structure of the body’s complex mixture of chemicals. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPdrugTr.rtf

Molecular Modeling: Conformation Analysis and Energy Minimization
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A 6 page paper discussing these two aspects of computational chemistry. The next generation of narrowly-targeted drugs seems to be about to appear over the horizon. Conformation analysis and molecular modeling play increasing roles in new drug research. Conformation is important in that it can change according to its environment; energy levels affect action. Drug developers need to discover the most effective conformation, but they also need to be able to retain that conformation despite conditions external to the molecule. Bibliography lists 7 sources. Includes a Newman projection diagram.
Filename: KSmolecModel.rtf

Molecular Nature of Latency in Herpes Simplex
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A 15 page paper discussing the mechanisms by which Herpes simplex can lie dormant for years and then reappear. An individual's first experience with Herpes simplex is not his last. Once there has been an initial outbreak, viral DNA finds its way to the nuclei of neurons of the sensory nervous system. There it lies dormant until stimulated to again become active. The ability of Herpes simplex to become latent and then reactivate has been implicated as having a role in some forms of cancer, as well as facilitate the transmission of HIV. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: KS-HSV.wps

Monkey See, Monkey Do - Parallels Between Human & Animal Memory
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A 5 page paper that explores the similarities and relations between the human processes of memory and those of the animal species, primarily the Chimpanzee. Arguments defending both the similarities and the differences in the behavioral habits of the Chimpanzee as compared to those of the human species are presented, as well as recent research findings. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: LCMemory.doc

Mono Lake, California
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A 5 page paper. Mono Lake has been called a geologists paradise. It is a unique region that incorporates 14 different ecological zones, more than 1,000 plant species and at least 400 vertebrate species. Volcanoes surround the lake. It is only one of three lakes on the continent that acts as host to productive ecosystems and migrating birds. The writer describes the lake and briefly discusses the political controversies related to the diversion of water to Los Angeles. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PGmonol.wps

Monoclonal Antibody
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This 5 page paper provides an overview of monoclonal antibody and its potential uses. The concept is defined. Its role in potentially curing cancer is highlighted. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA208MAb.rtf

Monomictic Lakes
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A 10 page paper that discusses the physical and biological characteristics of monomictic lakes, with a specific look at Georgia's Lake Oglethorpe. This paper demonstrates the characteristics of a monomictic lake, discusses seasonal changes and turn around, and presents the physical, biological and environmental impacts on this microhabitat. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: Monomict.wps