Factors Affecting Stomatal Opening
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This 14 page paper looks at the different factors that influence stomatal opening and how these factors are seen as a biochemical level. The paper outlines the environmental factors that create or inhibit the stomatal opening and then examines the role of guard cells and the way they may open and close the aperture and the way that the actions of the guard cells may be adjusted. The bibliography cites 7 sources.
Filename: TEstomat.rtf

Factors in Conducting Effective Research
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A 3 page research paper that explores some relevant questions about how research is conducted. The first part of the paper addresses the fact that many researchers and journals not reject any sources more than five years old. The writer discusses this and offers an opinion. The second part of the paper deals with aspects of statistical analysis. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: khstres.rtf

Factors of Intelligence:
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This 3 page paper examines both the least important and most important factors that determine intelligence. This paper provides examples to highlight its thesis. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: GSInteli.rtf

Faith & Science/Human Need for Religion
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A 10 page research paper/essay that discusses current scientific research into the genetic basis for spiritual belief. The research of Dean H. Hamer is summarized and its implications are discussed. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: khhamer.rtf

FAMOUS NAMES IN ASTRONOMY/ MODERN ERA
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This 3 page paper gives an overview of Dr. Stephen Hawking, and Dr. Henry Norris Russell, two astronomers who have made significant contributions to their field in the modern era. Bibliographpy lists 2 sources.
Filename: MBastron.rtf

Feeding response in crosses between geographical races of the garter snake, Thamnophis elegans: A Critique of the Article by Stevan J. Arnold
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A 5 page review of this article exploring the geographic variance of food preference. Arnold’s article represents one of just a few studies which have explored geographic variation from a behavioral standpoint. Arnold chose to investigate the slug-eating behavior which typifies garter snake populations in mollusk-rich environments, asserting that his study “represents the most thorough documentation of geographic variation in behavior in the vertebrate literature”. Arnold crosses individuals from inland and coastal populations of garter snakes to test the food preference of the first generation offspring. He concludes that there is no perfect intermediacy in regard to the feeding preferences tested. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPgarter.rtf

Fictitious Archaeological Dig
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11 pages in length. The architectural layout and planning of this particular site reflects a decidedly communicative ideology, in that it represents the very cultural essence of its people. Embedded within this written ideology of the ruined city's structure is the greater conceptualization of education and expression. Without question, these interrelated aspects of communication appeared to be the cornerstone of this community's existence, indicating the very reason for its construction. In spite of the fact that the remains do no yield an interpretation of daily life, archaeologists have been able to gather enough information so as to understand the complexities surrounding a collection of semi-preserved writing implements located in the northeast corner. Regarding the social implications of such findings, researchers have found enough evidence to indicate that this site was a learning institution of some sort. Indeed, as many questions as these findings have been successful in addressing, there are many more left unanswered. It can readily be argued that the true and pointed intent of these educational and communicative remains indicate an extended grasp of language and expression. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TLCarcdg.wps

Fingerprint Analysis and the Scientific Method
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This 4 page paper discusses the formation of friction skin; it also defines the scientific method and how it is applied to fingerprint analysis. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVfinanl.rtf

Firefly study
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A 3 page research paper that looks into the topic of firefly flashing and its purposes. The writer focuses on the species Photinus Pyralis, the most common firefly in the Eastern US, but also discusses general behavior for the species, hypothesizing that the female flash response increases with the male flash duration. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: khfifly.rtf

Fish Evolution: Agnathans (jawless fish) to Gnathostomes (jawed fish)
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A 5 page discussion of the evolutionary advancements which propelled fish from their primitive jawless forms to the more advanced jawed forms. Distinguishes between the lamphreys and hagfish and identifies the hagfish as the most primitive vertebrate known to have ever lived. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPfishEv.wps

Fluid Dynamics / An Overview
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A 10 page overview of fluid dynamics. Includes a discussion on Fluid Statics including Viscousity,Surface Tension, Vapor Pressure, and compressibility as well as other topics which are pertinent to fluid dynamics. Discusses the importance of fluid dynamics in biological and mechanical systems. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: Fluiddyn.wps

Fluid Dynamics / Pipe Flows :
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A 5 page paper discussing the basic aspects of laminar and turbulent pipe flows as related to fluid movement through channels. For all the diversity in mechanical and industrial systems in operation and in design phase today, they all have in common the incorporation of some application of fluid dynamics within them. Liquids and gases move according to the same fundamental principles, differing only in movement as affected by density, viscosity and chemical composition. The paper discusses boundary, stationary layer, Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Pipeflow.wps

Fluid Flows
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This 5 page paper is written in two parts. The first looks at pressurised flows and the equations that will be used in the design of the systems, looking mainly at Pascal’s Law. The second part looks at an open flow channel and the issues of design, such as friction and Bernouilli's Principle. The bibliography cites 3 sources.
Filename: TEfluidflow.rtf

Food and Freezing
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A 4 page paper which discusses the changes food goes through during the freezing process. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: RAfoodf.rtf

Food Colorings
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A 5 page paper discussing the use, origins and controversy of food color additives. The visual appeal of attractive food is too well established to believe that the FDA will make any real effort to remove food coloring agents from its list of approved additives. The product class can be expected to continue to be important, particularly in prepared foods. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KSfoodColor.rtf

Food Preservatives and Additives
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This 6 page paper discusses the use of preservatives and additives in food. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: HVpreadd.rtf

Forensics: The Identification Of Explosives
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15 pages in length. Understanding the nature of explosives – detection, identification, characterization – requires significantly more information than merely knowing the substance used in the aftermath of an explosion. The extent to which explosives derive their composition from country of origin, manufacturer and myriad other components is both grand and far-reaching; in order to come up with a definitive answer from post-explosion residue, investigators must have access to a collective of information. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: TLCexplo.rtf

Fossils/Burgess Shale
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A 7 page research paper that examines the fascinating fossil record that was found in the Burgess Shale. Because the Burgess Shale fossils contain examples of soft-bodied animals, which is very rare, these fossils have been called a "window to the Cambrian period" of prehistory. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: 99shale.wps

FRAGILE X SYNDROME
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This 12 page paper discusses Fragile X syndrome in depth. It covers the etiology, epidemiology, prognosis, and pathology. Included are examples of inheritance, types of mutations, number of alleles, mode of action, functions of the proteins, gender and treatments. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: MBfxsyn.rtf

Fred Hoyle's Contributions to Astronomy
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6 pages. It seems most of the scientific community has accepted the Big Bang Theory as the creation of the universe, but since that time Hoyle has always refused to follow that line, arguing that the Big Bang has not lived up to its early promise, and that his revised Steady State theory, that the universe has always existed, better fits the facts. This paper discusses the accomplishments and contributions to astronomy made by Fred Hoyle. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAhoyle.wps

Free Radicals and Antioxidants
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This 4 page paper discusses free radicals and the harm they can cause, and how antioxidants are used to neutralize them. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: HVFreRad.rtf

Frisbee Aerodynamics
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A 5 page overview of the various forces that work to give a Frisbee its characteristic flight. This paper discusses the Bernoulli Principle, gravity, angular momentum, orientational stability, and more. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPfrisbee.rtf

Frog Muscles
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In this 6 page essay, the author examines several factors inhibited and/or facilitating a frog's ability to jump using certain key muscles. Beginning with an introductory overview of amphibian/frog muscle structure, various idiosyncratic elements in the jump are explored. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Frogmusc.wps

FRUIT FLIES
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This 5 page paper deals with the remarkable discoveries that have been brought about as a result of the research being done on the fruit fly. Examples of research findings, explanations of fly's use in research, and developmental stages. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: Mbffly.rtf

Fuel Cell Technology
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A 22 page paper that provides a comprehensive overview of fuel cell technology. Discussion includes: an introduction to fuel cells, what they are, how they work and the types of fuel cells in research; applications for fuel cell technology, including those that are already in use; fuel cell-powered motor vehicles and what the progress is in this industry, including manufacturers who have already introduced fuel cell-powered cars and the forecasts for the near future; issues concerning hydrogen; problems and disadvantages with fuel cells and a conclusion. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PGfuelcl.rtf

Functional Analysis of a Forehand Ground Stroke in Tennis
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The forehand ground stroke in tennis requires the coordination of more than 130 muscles in the legs, back, shoulder and arm for the approach, the back swing (initiation), the forward swing and the contact, and the deceleration. This 20 page paper provides a functional analysis of the forehand ground stroke in tennis by evaluating the connection between skeletal and muscular components in evaluating elements like range of motion, the phases of the swing, and the desired effect (hitting the ball) that come into play in determining the physical motion of the swing. Bibliography lists 20 sources.
Filename: Tenstr.wps

Functions of Serotonin
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This 5 page paper reviews two articles that examine the role of serotonin, one looks at the implications of depressed serotonin levels and depression, the other looks at impulsive traits related to the polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEserotonin.rtf

Fungi and SBS
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A paper which looks at the Kingdom of Fungi, with particular reference to mycotoxins and their impact on human beings in the context of Sick Building Syndrome. Bibliography lists 4 sources
Filename: JLfungi.rtf

Galaxies & What They Are / A Comprehensive Overview
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A 5 page research paper on some of the available information about galaxies in general, including classification types, estimated numbers (more than 50 billion!), and some of the current research into the origins, nature and future of the Universe. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Galaxy.wps

Galileo
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8 pages in length. The writer discusses 8 separate points pertaining to Galileo's scientific contributions, including his trial, his views on religion and science, as well as the impact of the Scientific Revolution. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCGaleo.rtf

Galileo and the Advent and Balance of Modern Science
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This 6 page report discusses the Italian mathematician, physicist, and astronomer Galilei Galileo as presented by Stillman Drake in his 1957 classic “Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo.” Galileo was an important component if not the most important component of the intellectual avalanche of ideas and hypotheses that began in the 16th century. It is essential that modern historians understand where “the balance” of science occurred and at what point its “marked change” took place. In addition, a short explanation is included regarding the differences between the winter and summer Solstice. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BWbalsci.wps

Galileo And The Warfare Thesis
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5 pages in length. Writing in the late nineteenth century, Draper and White put forward an idea that was quickly embraced: the "warfare thesis," which suggests that science has always been in conflict with religion. Clearly, the direct connection between science and religion is not easily attained, inasmuch as science is based in a foundation of undeniable proof, while religion is grounded in the concept of belief. Would Galileo support or reject the warfare thesis based upon his Letter to the Grand Duchess, Christina? Indeed, one might readily argue that he would support Draper and White's theory, inasmuch as his letter was meant to bring to light the myriad shortcomings produced by biblical interpretation. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCgalil.wps

Galileo Galelei and the Heliocentric Model
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10 pages in length. A discussion of the life and works of Galileo and the religious controversy that surrounded his heliocentric model. Galileo was among the first to suggest that the planets revolved around the sun and not around the Earth. The specific reason and issues surrounding his condemnation are examined. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Galile2.wps

Galileo’s Heliocentric Theory and Its Oppression by the Church
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This is a 5 page tutorial language paper discussing the heliocentric theory and the oppression of the Church of this theory and Galileo. Before the time of Copernicus and Galileo in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Church supported the general scientific view that the earth was the center of the universe, also known as the geocentric view. Copernicus theorized that the sun was the center of the universe and the earth and other celestial bodies revolved around it, also known as the heliocentric theory. When doing research with his telescope, Galileo noticed that Jupiter’s moons revolved around Jupiter in a similar pattern expressed by Copernican theory and from that point on, Galileo tried to further heliocentric theories by his publications, letters, dialogues and exhibitions. This eventually lead to his condemnation by the Inquisition as he was charged, sentenced and imprisoned for publicizing works that were contrary to the Scriptures. Although he and all the works of Copernicus were prohibited by the Inquisition and Galileo later died while still a prisoner, his colleagues and friends continued in their support of him and his theories which were later proved a century after his death and recently accepted by the Vatican. Critics were later to conclude that it was not the theories of Galileo that necessarily were rejected by the Church but his insistence upon them as the “absolute truth” which was reserved for the Scriptures. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TJGalil1.rtf

Galileo, Science, and the Church
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A 3 page overview of the book by Jerome J. Langford. This paper points out that it was actually Galileo’s peers and the universities themselves that were initially the most taken aback by Galileo’s astronomical findings. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPgalileochurch.rtf

Gate-Induced Superconductivity in a Solution Processed Organic Polymer Film
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This 8 page paper provides an overview of an article on gate-induced superconductivity in a solution processed organic polymer film. The researchers recognized that considerable research has been conducted in recent years regarding the best options for low-cost replacements for conventional metals and other semiconductors. They outline their own research study, and this paper also shows some conflicts that arose from this study. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: MHGateIn.rtf

Gemstone Enhancement
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A 5 page overview of the technologies and methodologies involved in the artificial enhancement of gemstones. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Gemstone.wps

Gender Gap in the Sciences: A Cinematic Explanation
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This 7 page paper examines the portrayal of strong women scientists in two films: Laura Dern as Ellie in Jurassic Park and Margaret Sheridan as Nikki in the 1950s classic, The Thing from another World and why, despite the popularity of such women in film, they do not hold comparable positions in the real world. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: HVGenGap.rtf

Gender Identity: The Role of Hormones and Environment
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A 4 page discussion of how our gender can be affected by both genetics and our environment. This paper specifically considers the problems presented by infants with ambiguous genitalia and adults who seek surgical intervention to change their sex. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPgndHrmnsEnv.rtf

Gender Physiology: Issues and Research Relating to Gender Differences in Carbohydrate Oxidation in Mild, Moderate and Intense Exercise
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This is a 13 page paper on carbohydrate oxidation differences between genders in mild, moderate and intense exercise. Carbohydrate oxidation is just one of the three processes which can occurred when glucose has been taken in by the muscle. After carbohydrates are consumed and stored as glucose in the muscle, the glucose can either go through the process of oxidation; can be stored in the muscles as glycogen or can be converted to a carbon compound; most commonly lactate and is transported to the liver. During exercise, fat and carbohydrate oxidation provide the two most essential fuels used as energy production in the muscles. It has most recently been found that during all levels of exercise (mild, moderate and intense) that women have a significantly lower respiratory exchange ratio (RER) than men, indicating an increased reliance on fats as fuel and these findings seem to indicate that that women generally oxidize less carbohydrates and more fat then men. In studying the differences in gender and carbohydrate oxidation and exercise however, it is necessary to understand the relationship between carbohydrate and fat oxidation, general gender differences in carbohydrate oxidation, the relationship between rates of glycogen storage and carbohydrate supply and exercise, the effects of different compound (caffeine) ingestion carbohydrate oxidation and the recent assumptions used to determine gender differences in oxidation rates during exercise. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: TJGenPh1.rtf