ARE FLAVORINGS NATURAL? OR NOT?
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This 7-page paper, taking from Schlosser's book Fast Food Nation, explains the concept of flavorization, and how much of the food we eat isn't necessarily "natural," but is enhanced by chemists and flavor chefs. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: MTflanat.rtf

Are There More Than Two Genders?
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This 5 page reaction paper provides a response to an article called "The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female are Not Enough" by Fausto-Sterling. The idea that more than two genders actually exist is explored. The paper concludes by calling for a new, equitable paradigm. No additional sources are cited.
Filename: SA133gnr.rtf

Areal Segregation of Face-Processing Neurons in Prefrontal Cortex
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A 2 1/2 page paper which discusses aspects of the research article "Areal Segregation of Face-Processing Neurons in Prefrontal Cortex" by Seamas P. O Scalaidhe, Fraser A. W. Wilson, and Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic. The aspects analyzed are the argument, the evidence, and the reasoning presented in the article. No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAarealfax.wps

Arteries Structure and Protection from Narrowing
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A 5 page paper discussing the structure of artery walls followed by assessment of nutritional and life style influences on preserving interior diameter. The paper discusses the influence that cholesterol, obesity, exercise and smoking have on narrowing internal diameter. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: KSarteries.rtf

Article Analysis: Evolutionary Biology and Human Health
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This 3 page paper analyzes an article that reports on an October, 2007 conference on human health and evolutionary biology. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: HVEvBiol.rtf

Article Review (Evolution)
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This 3 page paper provides a summary and opinion on an article regarding evolution which appears in the April, 2003 edition of National Geographic. The article is on evolution and new developments in research. No additional sources cited.
Filename: SA316man.rtf

ARTICLE REVIEW: QUANTUM MECHANICS: ENTAGLED TRIO TO PUT NONLOCALITY TO THE TEST
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This paper is a review of the above-mentioned article, which ran in the March, 1999 issue of Science magazine. The article, which discusses quantum mechanics, concerned the experiment with three entangled photons, to determine the impact of nonlocality on these particles.
Filename: MTquamec.rtf

Article: The Effect of Uncertainty on Communication
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This 3 page paper is an analysis of an article that describes a study done with HIV/AIDS patients and how the uncertainty of their illness affected their communications. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: HVbrsrev.rtf

Artificial Intelligence: Compared To The Human Mind's Capacity For Reasoning And Learning
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10 pages in length. How mankind uses his infinite wisdom, ability to learn and progress his species has long been a determinant of how advanced human beings have become throughout the ages. Fire established man as an inventor but perhaps more importantly, it solidified his existence upon this earth; each invention or discovery since that time has helped to perpetuate that survival, as well. Now, at the dawn of the twenty-first century, the question is not do we continue upon this ever-broadening road of tremendous technological discovery, but how far do we take our ability beyond reason? This question could not be anymore pertinent than when contemplating the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) as it compares to the human mind's capability for reasoning and learning. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TLC_AI.rtf

Asbestos
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A 2 page paper detailing the composition of asbestos, health consequences that are related to its exposure, a history of its use, and problems with measuring asbestos levels. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Abestos.wps

Aspirin and The Hydroxyl Group
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This 5 page paper considers the development and composition of aspirin, paying special attention to the hydroxyl group. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEasprin.rtf

Asteroid Research and the NEAR Project
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This 5 page report discusses asteroid research and the end of the NEAR (Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous) project. Any space mission, with its enormous outlay of financial resources, requires that there be some type of meaningful objective aside from adding to the collective knowledge of humanity about space and the origins and development of the solar system. This report promotes mining the asteroids as the most valuable possibility for Earth ventures. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BWastero.wps

Astrology & Astronomy
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A 7 page historical survey of the bond of Astrology and Astronomy and how as the result of the scientific method that bond was broken. And how both are still influencing us today. Lists four sources in bibliography.
Filename: Astroast.rtf

Astrology; The Contribution of Johannes Kepler
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This 4 page paper examines the reforms that were proposed by Johannes Kepler during the sixteenth century and why he made these proposals that revolutionised the practice of astrology. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEastrkepler.rtf

Astronomical Research: Black Holes
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A 5 page paper which examines some recent articles dealing with researching black holes in the field of astronomy. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: RAastro.rtf

Astronomical Theories During the Time of Copernicus
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This is a 5 page paper discussing the Copernican theory and the considerations for and against it. During the time of Copernicus in the 16th century, astronomers were faced with the challenge of updating the calendar and the astronomical systems used for navigation because the calendars and methods used for centuries were proving to be inaccurate. To do this astronomers, like Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler, promoting the heliocentric theory had to refute the generally accepted physics of Aristotle which promoted the natural place of bodies resulted in their natural motion and the astronomy of Ptolemy which advocated the geocentric system of planetary motion in which the Earth was the center of the universe. Both theories were accepted by the powerful Catholic Church which believed that the geocentric system was also written in the Scriptures. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TJCoper1.rtf

Astronomy Questions
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This 3 page paper answers some basic questions about astronomical matters. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: HVAstQst.rtf

Astronomy Research and Extraterrestrial Life
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A 4 page overview of man's quest for the discovery of extraterrestrial life. The author outlines some of the criteria that astronomers believe would be necessary for life to exist and emphasizes the importance of ongoing astronomical research. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPextrat.rtf

Aviadenovirus
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A 5 page overview of the adenoviruses with a particular emphasis on research concerning aviadenovirus, the adenovirus which infects domestic chickens, ducks, turkey, quail and other species of fowl. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Aviad.wps

Avian Flu 2
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This 10 page paper examines the occurrence and reporting of bird flu cases. The paper starts by looking at the different reports from the World Health Organization and what data is contained in the reports, how it is collected and the barriers to effective collection. The paper then looks at the spread and mortality rate of the disease and trends in the way the disease is spread in different patients, considering age, gender and locations, the paper also looks at the current research. The bibliography cites 2 sources.
Filename: TEbirdflu2.rtf

Avian Influenza
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This 12 page paper examines Avian Influenza, often referred to as ‘bird flu’ focusing on the H5N1 variant that is seen as the most likely A strain variant that could cause a human pandemic. The paper outlines the problem, looks at the condition, including mortality and morbidity, symptoms and clinical progression as well as geographical, seasonal and demographic factors and influences. The paper then considers the current hypotheses concerning avian influenza and looks at the potential sources of information and the current gaps in research. The bibliography cites 10 sources.
Filename: TEbirdflu.rtf

Avoiding the Worst Effects of a Tsunami
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A 3 page paper discussing the Indian Ocean tsunami. On December 26, 2004, two tectonic plates that have been opposing each other for millennia shifted under the earth’s surface, resulting in an earthquake under the Indian Ocean. The earthquake shook the earth enough to change time, albeit only by microseconds. The greater consequence was that the earthquake displaced an immense volume of water. The final result was that the tsunami created by the earthquake killed more than all 20th century tsunamis combined. There was no warning. There were, however, actions that people in the affected areas could take. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: KStsunami.rtf

Bacillus cereus
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A 9 page paper discussing characteristics of the organism and its ability to cause disease. Though B. cereus food contamination apparently is not a condition against which sufficient protection is possible, it can be managed so that risk of disease from B. cereus food poisoning can be minimized. Most of the cases of food poisoning resulting from the metabolites of this organism still go unreported and even unrecognized in the diarrheal form, but study of the cases that are reported may be useful in the study of the more serious manifestations of B. cereus contamination such as gangrene and other conditions. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: KSBcereus.wps

Background and Medical Applications of the Isotope Sodium -24
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This 3 page paper looks at Sodium Isotope -24, also known as Na-24. The paper outlines when sodium was discovered, and the isotope -24 is used for medical purposes. The bibliography cites 4 sources.
Filename: TEna24me.rtf

Baconianism and the Royal Society
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A paper which considers whether or not the Royal Society could be regarded as following Baconian scientific principles and the effect which Bacon had on scientific thought and methodology. Bibliography lists 5 sources
Filename: JLbacon.rtf

Bacterial Interactions With Plants
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An 8 page overview of the effects and interactions of bacteria on plants. Emphasizes that plants are dependent on some of these interactions but are adversely impacted by others. Includes commercial and non-commercial impacts as well as a mention of efforts to commercially capitalize on the interactions of plants and bacteria by producing strains which benefit from the positive microbial interactions and are resistant to the less beneficial interactions. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: Plantbac.wps

Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics: Modern Lessons from Evolutionary Theory
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A 4 page discussion of the practical lessons available in evolution which are applicable to our everyday lives. The author contends that evolutionary theory can have direct application in identifying solutions for a number of real world problems, one of the most concerning of which is the recent phenomena of resistance to antibiotics being noted in some species of bacteria. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PPbactEv.rtf

Basic And Applied Research
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6 pages in length. Humanity has been able to evolve as a species by learning about the world and how it impacts mankind's existence. Research has proven an instrumental component in achieving this ongoing objective as humans constantly strive to improve and advance. Determining the difference between basic and applied research is rather like setting the foundation of a home before actually building the structure: the knowledge must first exist before solutions can be drawn from it. Therefore, basic research serves to glean the fundamental awareness that something exists while applied research is using that understanding to craft a specific outcome. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: TLCReschBasApp.rtf

Basic Observations in Astronomy
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A 10 page overview of some of the basic premises of astronomy. Outlines the Big Bang theory and provides a description of Venus, Mars, and the four Jovian planets (Saturn, Pluto, Uranus, and Jupiter) in relation to the Earth and Sun, speculating on such anomalies as Venus’ retrograde rotation. Outlines the methodologies and theories utilized by astronomers such as the Doppler Effect, Wien’s Law, Absorption Spectrum, Stefan-Boltzmann Law, and the Emission Spectrum. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPastron.wps

Basic Principles of Genetics: From Peas to the Human Genome Project
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A 12 page overview of the field of genetics. Emphasizing the significance of Gregor Mendel’s work in the nineteenth century and detailing the findings of that work, the author outlines the evolution of knowledge which has occurred in the field of Mendelian Genetics. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: PPgenMnd.rtf

Bat Echolocation: The Perception of Distance and Depth Through the use of Sonar
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This 4 page paper provides an overview of the basic elements of bat echolocation as an process that is separate from the auditory and visual receptive capabilities of other mammals. This paper considers the prevalent biological structures and other components of bat physiology that determine the capacity for echolocation, also known as sonar. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: MHbateco.wps

BATTLE OF THE SCIENCES
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This 5 page paper outlines the main arguments that suggest that social sciences are not really a science. Quotes, and examples given which support the main thesis. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: MBnatural.rtf

Battling Cytisus scoparius in Oregon
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A 3 page paper discussing the human impact of a noxious weed common in Oregon. Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) was introduced into Oregon for the purpose of controlling erosion, but it led to an even larger problem. C. scoparius now is a noxious weed in Oregon and has been quite successful in surviving efforts to eradicate it. Efforts at biological control were begun in 1997, but so far have not met with great success in slowing the spread of the weed. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: KSbotScBrmOR.rtf

Beach & Coastal Erosion
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5 pages discussing beach erosion at Sandy Hook (New Jersey). Discusses and analyzes possible methodologies for slowing such erosion. *Also an excellent resource for those studying meteorology and other related courses. No Bibliography.
Filename: Coastero.wps

Beach Erosion on the East Coast
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This 9 page paper examines beach erosion in states such as New Jersey, North Carolina and Florida. Why erosion occurs, including new research, is the focus of this well researched paper. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA518bch.rtf

Behavioral Evolution and the Formation of Culture
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An 8 page discussion of behavioral evolution and the role of behavioral science in that evolution. Notes that behavioral changes occur over time on both an individual level and a cultural level. Compares these changes with biological evolution through the process of natural selection. Warns that while the intervention of behavioral science may be of positive use in correcting truly aberrant individual behavior, it could be of tremendous adverse impact to cultural evolution as a whole. Encourages cultural self-control and warns against the approach of Westernization and deliberate cultural design and intervention. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPcultE2.wps

Benthic Pelagic Coupling:
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This 30 page paper discusses the process of benthic pelagic coupling. Furthermore, this paper considers the specific environment of a Mediterranean Bay. Bibliography lists 60 sources.
Filename: GSBenthc.rtf

Benzene
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A 3 page review of the history and use of benezene. This paper describes how benezene is produced and used and emphasizes the health impacts associated with exposure. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: PPbenzene.rtf

Bernard & Krieger/Knowledge & Power
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A 5 page research paper/essay that discusses Claude Bernard, nineteenth century scientist and medical pioneer, and Martin Krieger, contemporary mathematician. These men address very different subject areas in their writing; however, these two men of science share a common feature in that they both express a philosophical orientation towards how to understand the nature of knowledge, and by implication, the nature of power. While these two viewpoints are divided by time, and somewhat by subject matter, these two insightful scientists/philosopher are fundamentally in agreement in that they both present knowledge, whether it is scientific or mathematically in nature, as being only a construct of reality, rather than a representation of reality that can be thoroughly trusted. Examination of representative examples of Bernard and Krieger's work illustrates this point. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: khcbmksc.rtf

Bernd Heinrich
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A 6 page paper that investigates this renowned scientist. Bernd Heinrich has an unquenchable interest in all living things. He teaches at the University of Vermont and is also greatly involved in field research of different species. His work is discussed, particularly the work that is reported in two of his books: Mind of the Raven, and The Thermal Warriors: Strategies of Insect Survival. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PGheinr.wps