A Critique of the Deductive-Nomological Model of Explanation
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This 3 page paper provides a critique of Hempel's deductive-nomological model of explanation. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: MHDedNom.rtf

A Day Without Magnetism
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5 pages in length. A day without magnetism would mean a day without existence, inasmuch as magnets and magnetism are related to virtually every aspect of life. From the smallest particle known to man to the most tremendous man-made structures, magnetism provides the cohesive element required for existence. In essence, a day without magnetism would render the earth and all its inhabitants in immediate peril, because this planet is nothing if not one huge magnet all its own. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: TLCmgnet.wps

A Dialogue Between a Deep Ecologist and a Social Ecologist:
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This 4 page paper presents the "characters" of deep ecologist Sessions with social ecologist Guha, and is set-up as a dialogue between the two men. The purpose of the dialogue is to reveal through a series of questions and answers the basic ideologies of deep ecology and social ecology. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: GSDeepec.rtf

A False Confidence in Western Science: An Exploration of the Flexibility and Changing Paradigms within the World of Scientific Discovery
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This is a 7 page paper discussing the false confidence modern man should have in the proven “realities” of Western science. While modern day scientists seem confident in providing “proven” scientific discoveries and conclusions, historical evidence would seem to provide an alternative scenario which would show that man should have little if any confidence in the science or the technologies of his generation. Throughout history, science has been considered as studying reality which was formerly the place of religion. Western scientists in particular separated science from religion and held Western science in high regard. Western science and the discoveries within it have relied a great deal on the technologies from the East which are now considered as traditional. Despite the confidence in science, historical analyses show that most theories shift over time and old theories are discarded as new ones are used as a result of paradigm shift in scientific thought. Even within the field of physics which seeks to simplify the components of nature, it is not accepted that everything can be explained. Society’s “faith” in science differs a great deal as some scientists continue to believe that certain “realities” can be proven while others are again looking at how flexible the “realities” in science are now and will continue to be. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TJTeres1.rtf

A History Of The Science Of Biology
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A 5 page overview of the major developments in the biological sciences beginning in 500 BC and continuing at approximately 500 year intervals up till the present. Outlines major players and obstacles. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Biohist.wps

A Look at Different Ideas About the Human Mind, Evolution and Culture
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This 4 page paper compares and contrasts Ian Steward and Jack Cohen's Figments of Reality with Diamond's Guns, Germs and Steel. Ideas about evolution, the mind and culture and how it interrelates are discussed. No additional sources cited.
Filename: SA309evo.rtf

A Proposal for an E-mail Based Study Designed to Quantify the Relationship Between Domestic Abuse and Alcohol
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An 8 page overview of the relationship which exists between alcohol consumption and incidents of alcohol abuse. This paper reviews the literature to validate that relationship then presents a proposal for an e-mail based study to further quantify it. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: PPalcVio.rtf

A Star is Born
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An 8 page paper detailing the birth of a star. A star, like the sun, is a compiled mass of gases. In the examination of the birth of a star we first discuss the formation in a simple description. This is followed by a plausible theory for the formation of our solar system, which gives a very good look at the involvement of stars, as well as the formation and creation of one. It has often been said that we are all made up of the stars when it comes right down to basics, that is if one believes in the big bang theory. This is also discussed briefly along with a current illustration and description of red stars, which helps to illustrate what stars are and how they can often differ from one another. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Starborn.wps

A Study Using the Scientific Method
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A 3 page research paper that, first of all, defines what by the “scientific method.” Then the writer describes a study that follows the method and argues that the scientific method was well utilized by the researchers.
Filename: khcrabsm.rtf

Aaron Antonovsky/Unraveling the mystery of health
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A 5 page analysis of Aaron Antonovsky's book Unraveling the Mystery of Health: how people manage stress and stay well. In this book, Antonovsky presents an alternative way of looking at health, which instead of emphasizing the origins of disease, takes a different stance, and focuses on how health can be maintained. No additional sources cited.
Filename: 99antsky.rtf

Absolute Zero
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This 5 page paper focuses on the concept of absolute zero but explains other principles of thermodynamics. The reason why absolute zero can never be achieved is included as well as a look at implications for the future. How close scientists have been able to come to achieving the coldest temperature on Earth is discussed. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: SA1420.rtf

Acid Rain: Impacts to Soil and Water
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A 6 page discussion of the impacts of acid rain. This paper details the chemical impacts to soil and water as well as to the physiological function of biological organisms. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPacidRC.rtf

Acid Tolerance in Streptococcus mutans
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A 14 page discussion of the physiological mechanism employed by this species of oral bacteria which allow it to exist in the rapidly fluctuating pH levels of the human mouth. The author details how the cellular membrane of the organism is critical in this process, selectively allowing protons to pass out of the cell and preventing them from passing into the cell. This ability allows S. mutans a selective advantage. Acidogenicity (the ability to generate acid) and acidurance (the ability to function in an acidic environment) are the primary physiological traits of this organism which make it such an important factor in the production of dental caries as well. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: PPstrept.rtf

Acritarch Radiation in The Neoproterozoic
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This page paper looks at the evolution of the acritarch as evidenced by the fossil record and seeks to explain the sudden changes that took place over a period of fifteen million years during the Neoproterozoic, which long lasting implications into the Cambrian period. The bibliography cites 6 sources.
Filename: TEacritar.rtf

Action And Physical Properties Of Magma
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An 8 page paper discussing the origin, movement and physical attributes of the substance that is known as lava once it exits its volcano. Formed under intense heat (up to 4300C) and pressure, magma has no choice but to rise. The absolute chemical composition varies according to location on the earth's surface, and chemical changes in the magma as it moves toward the surface opening it seeks can span a range of changes as minerals are precipitated out of the magma and sink downward through it again. Regrettably, old mudflows of prior eruptions appear to many to be good homesites as builders populate the paths of former mudflow channels with homes in the shadow of still-active volcanoes. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: Magma.wps

Activation of Auditory Cortex During Silent Lipreading
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A 2 1/2 page paper which discusses various aspects of the article "Activation of the Auditory Cortex During Silent Lipreading" by Gemma A. Calvert, Edward T. Bullmore, Michael J. Brammer, Ruth Campbell, Steven C. R. Williams, Philip K. McGuire, Peter W. R. Woodruff, Susan D. Iverson, and Anthony S. David. The paper analyzes the argument, the evidence, and the reasoning presented in the research article. No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAliprfax.wps

Active Volcanoes On The Planet Venus
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A 2 page paper on findings from the early 1990's which show a number of geologic activities on the Earth's "twin" planet Venus,-- including live volcanoes and dramatic faulting. It is concluded that while the "case" of active volcanoes on Venus has not yet been entirely settled, there is indeed plenty of room for future research. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: Venusact.doc

Adarand v. Pena
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This 8 page paper provides an overview of the Supreme Court case of Adarand v. Pena. The case of Adarand v. Pena (1995) underscores some of the central arguments both for and against affirmative action initiatives, and provides some insight into the conflicts that have arisen from seeking affirmative action initiatives in particular situations. This case also suggests the underlying reasons for changes in affirmative action policies in recent years. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHAdaran.rtf

Advanced Machining Processes
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A 6 page overview of several types of advanced machining processes, approaches that use non-traditional machining tools for non-traditional machining needs. Types of advanced processes briefly discussed include chemical and electrochemical machining; electrochemical grinding; electrical-discharge machining; laser-beam machining; electron machining; water-jet machining; and abrasive-jet machining. The paper also discusses the economics of these advanced machining processes. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: KSmachinProc.rtf

Advances in GIS; The Literature of Paul A Longley
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This 8 page paper is a review of some of the publications by Paul Longley, who is a geographer that has contributed to the development of GIS. The bibliography cites 3 sources.
Filename: TEgispal.wps

Advances In The Science & Technology Of Earthquake Prediction & Protection
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A 5 page paper discussing scientific advancements in the prediction of earthquakes and the means by which technology can assist in minimizing earthquake damage. Bibliography lists five sources.
Filename: Quakepro.wps

African Sleeping Sickness
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A 5 page overview of African Sleeping Sickness and the Organisms that cause it. The author discusses the manner in which the disease is transmitted, its impact to the body, symptoms and treatment. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: PPslpSi2.rtf

Ageing
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An overview of the phenomenon of ageing from a biochemical perspective, looking at the programmed and random damage theories and the ways in which these might be approached in order to take into account both genetic and stochastic causes of ageing. Bibliography lists 5 sources
Filename: JLageing.rtf

Agriculture and Genetic Engineering
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This 5 page paper provides an overview of some of the central points regarding the use and abuse of genetic engineering in agriculture. This paper considers the benefits and problems caused by this kind of genetic exploration. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Mbgena5.rtf

Agriculture and its Impact on Financial Institutions
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15 pages. Because of the uncertainty in the agricultural markets there is a definite impact on the lending institutions that service them. There are so many variables in the farming industry that there is no guarantee from year to year that agribusinesses will be able to keep up with loan payments if they have one or more years of losses in a row. There is currently widespread controversy among the agribusinesses and lending institutions on Capitol Hill as to how best to cope with the problem. One such solution would be to privatize lenders dealing with farm loans, and other solutions run the gamut from asking farm lenders to diversify their businesses to suggesting more emergency funding from the government. It is the purpose of this paper to prove that while farm lending can be a risky business it would serve no good purpose and would be unfair to other businesses for government emergency funding to be increased; lending institutions will need to work out ways to deal with the agribusiness risk. Bibliography lists 36 sources.
Filename: JGAagfin.wps

Air Quality, Ozone and Volatile Organic Compounds: An Instructional Project
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This 6 page paper provides an overview of an instructional project on the concepts of air quality, ozone and volatile organic compounds. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: MH5scien.rtf

Albert Einstein's Contributions To Mathematics
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A 5 page paper that reports Einstein's first three papers that led to a new perception of the universe, from evidence for the existence of molecules and atoms to his general theory of relativity that led to a new understanding of the universe, including space, time, motion and gravity. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PGeins.rtf

Albert Einstein: Life and Accomplishments
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This 5 page paper is a brief overview of the man who is perhaps the greatest scientist of the 20th century, Albert Einstein. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: HVAEnstn.rtf

Alfalfa and 'Yellow Rocket' (Barbarea vulgaris)
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This 6 page report discusses the interaction between alfalfa crops and a common weed. The weed chosen for examination is Barbarea vulgaris, most commonly known as 'yellow rocket.' Yellow rocket is usually biennial or perennial with some plants flowering, setting seed and dying after their first growing season; reproducing only by seed but the seeds are notable for their ability to germinate with minimal soil requirements. Yellow rocket and other weeds reduce alfalfa production during establishment by competing with and choking out young alfalfa seedlings, invade established alfalfa fields, and reducing forage quality and yield. Several aspects of intervention and eradication are discussed. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: BWalfalf.rtf

Alfred Russel Wallace: Reputation
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8 pages in length. It has been said that Alfred Russel Wallace's reputation falls far short of what his scientific achievements merit, an assertion that might be supported by evidence pointing to Wallace's spiritualist tendencies. By the same token, however, he was just as steeped within the fundamental tenets of science as any other man of factual knowledge; however, he was able to bring together these two seemingly unassociated perspectives under the umbrella of scientific understanding. This blatant departure from conventional approach had many up in arms and, therefore, quick to accuse Wallace of having no basis to his scientific assertions, to which Wallace indicated how there is more than one way to look at and consider the principles of science. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: TLCWallace.rtf

Alkaline Phosphatase
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3 pages in length. The enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is created in three places throughout the body: placenta, liver and bone. Bone growth and bile reflect the two locations where ALP is measured at its highest level. When bodily injuries occur, ALP is dispatched to aid in the healing process; additionally, it helps with the formation of bone during the growing process and aids in the fetal development during pregnancy. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TLCAlkaline.rtf

Alpine Glaciation
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This 8 page paper provides an overview of the process of glaciation, especially alpine glaciation, though a comparison with various types of glaciation found in Yosemite and the Sierra Nevadas. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: MHalpine.wps

Alternative Fuel Cars: Alcohol vs. Electric
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A 10 page paper discussing the design, durability and safety of alcohol-powered and electric cars, particularly GM's EV1. As for which is "best," it appears that alcohol-powered vehicles provide a good alternative to gasoline-powered cars for the short term, buying time for further development of the various electric versions that are becoming more common and more affordable. In the long term, however, it is the electric approach that needs to be regarded as "best." Current models are highly limited in their range, but the further development and refinement of the use of fuel cells will give future purchasers greater freedom of movement outside the city limits. Bibliography lists 15 sources in 23 footnotes.
Filename: KSaltFuelCar.wps

Alternative Fuels Why They are Likely to Fail
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An 8 page paper discussing the various forms of alternative fuels that are being tested and tried. While alternative fuel has been an issue for some years, it appears as though most of these alternative fuels have proven to be inadequate for the required purpose. The most powerful and prevalent of the alternative fuels today is electricity. This is discussed in the context of its performance, availability, and cost, all of which fall drastically short of the public’s needs. It is not likely that alternative fuels will be used across the nation, on a large scale, for quite some time. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: RAfuel.wps

Aluminum
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An 8 page research paper on aluminum. Explores the metal's history, properties, uses, and so forth. Useful for those studying chemistry and other sciences. Bibliography contains 4 references.
Filename: Aluminu.wps

Amber: Valued Gemstone
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This is a 6 page paper which discusses the formation, charcteristics and value of amber. The bibliography has 4 sources.
Filename: JHAmbe.rtf

An Analysis of the 2002 Lucent Scandal
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This 10 page paper looks at this fiasco that rocked the physics community. One of Lucent's employees was falsifying data. The investigation is discussed, using the actual report, and analyzed on a variety of fronts. Did Lucent act ethically? Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: SA547Luc.rtf

AN ANALYSIS ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS
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This 10-page paper provides an analysis and overview of various programs and conferences offered in the areas of science and technology from international organizations. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: MTsctepro.rtf

An Argument Against Genetic Engineering
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A 4 page contention that holds as many or more threats for society as it does promises. This thesis is supported through a discussion of the direct and indirect impacts genetically engineered species have to the hundreds, perhaps thousands, of species that are currently unutilized but which hold promise for the cures of disease and illness. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPgenEn3.rtf

An Argument for An Adopted Child’s Right to Know Their Biological Origin
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A 6 page argument that it is a basic human right to know one’s biological origin. This contention is supported from both a cultural and a genetic perspective. The premise of the importance of understanding one’s racial or ethnic identity is complemented with the importance of genetics in so many aspects of our lives. The question of how we can find our cultural place in life and best protect ourselves from genetically connected behaviors, diseases, and birth defects if we are not aware of our biological origin is addressed. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPadopt.rtf