Faith & Skepticism - The Dueling Ideas Behind the Reformation
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A 2 page paper that examines the two fundamental issues of philosophy and theology that were involved in the Reformation Period, the issues of faith and skepticism. Discussed are the introduction of Martin Luther's Protestant beliefs in 1517 and the era of new philosophical and theological thinking that followed. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: LCReform.doc

Maimonides/Political Theory
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A 7 page research paper that examines the philosophical viewpoint of 12th century Jewish philosopher Moses Maimonides in regards to 'perfect law.' Maimonides proposed that humanity should model all law on Biblical law, which is by definition 'perfect' due to his divine origin. The writer argues that this viewpoint in regards to political law is at odds with American tradition that sees the purpose of law as a means of preserving domestic tranquility and provides for a sharp division between the realm of law and individual religious practice. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: 90maimon.rtf

War is Inevitable
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A 14 page paper which addresses the inevitability of war. The first portion of the paper is examined using Thomas Hobbes' work 'Of the First and Second Natural Laws, and of Contracts.' The inherent nature of man is to protect himself at all costs. This is our way of surviving. We have not gotten this far in the evolutionary chain by giving in to the controls of others. Even those of us who do not wish to fight, will do so when directly threatened, or when our families are directly threatened. While we might like to imagine a world where there is no such thing as war, the realities of our species and of life itself, prove otherwise. The second portion of the paper discusses the inevitability of war based on Hobbes' theory of government, which is essentially just a larger group of people with the same need to protect. This section details portions of the works titled 'Of the Natural Condition of Mankind As Concerning their Felicity and Misery' and 'The Elements of Law Natural and Political.' In the third section all of the theories are essentially summed up in relationship to Hobbes' theories involving teh inevitablity of war. No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAwar3.wps

The Human Condition by Arendt
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16 pages in length. Considers the views of Locke, Smith and Marx and looks at liberalism, capitalism as well as fascism. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGAarndt.wps

Historical Materialism and the Hegelian Dialect
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This 5 page paper compares and contrasts Marx and Hegel's theories. The primary focus is on Marx's historical materialism and Hegel's dialect on absolute idealism. Their views on Christianity are also noted. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: SA20Marx.wps

Karl Marx / The Man and His Theories
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This 4 page paper explores the life of Karl Marx and discusses his theories critically. Concepts included are alienation, class struggle and historical materialism. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Marxpape.wps

Karl Marx: Freedom, Science And Class Struggle
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A 6 page research paper on selected theories of the philosopher Karl Marx. Marx's theories on the freedom within society, the role of science in philosophy and the classic struggle of the working class are presented. The paper concludes with an overview of Marxist philosophy. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Marxfree.wps

Marx, Darwin And Change
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A 5 page paper discussing the opinions of Marx and Darwin in regards to change. They each offer different perspectives of the elements of change in relationship to history, why things change, and the necessity of progress. The works used in discussing these issues are 'The Poverty of Philosophy,' by Karl Marx and 'Descent of Man,' by Charles Darwin. No additional sources cited.
Filename: Marxdar.wps

Marx, Habermas, & Smith/A Discussion
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A 10 page research paper that takes the rather unique perspective of dramatizing a discussion between Karl Marx, Dorothy Smith and Jurgen Habermas. The topic for discussion at this imaginary roundtable is issue of sexual harassment in the armed forces. The writer speculates on how such a discussion might progress. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: 90mrxetc.rtf

Marxism and Communist Russia
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This 7 page paper compares Marxism with ideology that built communist Russia. The paper highlights differences between the two. Bibliography 4 lists sources.
Filename: SA18Comm.wps

Views on Capitalism
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A 5 page research paper that compares the views of Karl Marx, Adam Smith, and Victorian writer Samuel Smiles on the effects of industrialization and the ways in which it impacted society. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: 90views.rtf

Hegel's Sense Certainty
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5 pages in length. True knowledge – or the Absolute – is what Hegel aspired to grasp through consciousness. His desire to achieve such an all-encompassing objective was meant to start at the beginning with the very basic of all knowledge – sense knowledge – and escalate directly to the top to absolute knowledge. Step one in his groundbreaking compilation of scientific thought was that of sense certainty, a concept that was thoroughly developed in 'Phenomenology of Spirit.' The writer discusses how Hegel's attempt to define the notion of absolute knowledge led him down a path of discovery that postulated the very essence of being, inasmuch as the philosopher carefully contemplated the various avenues one must travel as a means by which to reach the state of absolute knowledge. No additional sources cited.
Filename: TLChegel.wps

Should The State Be Neutral Between Competing Conceptions Of The Good?
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This 5 page paper considers this question looking at the different concepts of good and how these may be interpreted by the states as well as the advantages that a neutral perspective may bring. The bibliography cites 9 sources.
Filename: TEneutra.wps

The Nature Of Self-Awareness / Achieving Wholeness
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15 pages in length. Historical literature encompasses a great number of existential elements that directly relate to existence; indeed, it is not merely a compilation of dates and events, but rather it is also an exploration of humanity's spiritual side. Such is the case with Hermann Hesse's 'Demian,' Franz Kafka's 'The Trial' and Thomas Mann's 'Death In Venice,' inasmuch as all three literary masterpieces share the common denominator of self-awareness and achieving wholeness. No additional sources cited.
Filename: TLCself.wps

Franz Kafka's Metamorphosis: A Philosophical View
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This 7 page paper considers the era in which Kafka's novel was written and how the work reflects this period in time. This paper also considers why Kafka chose the particular structure and language of the work relative to the progression of existential thinking. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: MHMetamo.wps

Rousseau and Burke on Property
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Edmund Burke and Jean Jacques Rousseau were contemporaries during the period of the French revolution who were on opposite sides of the philosophical battleground concerning the system of titled property that had been at the foundation of the revolt. Burke favored monarchy and defended established religion. His belief in property was based on the assumption that perpetuating property through the aristocratic families was the best way to perpetuate society. Rousseau was not a much an advocate of the Revolution as a believer that the individual had inalienable rights that entitled him to acquire property through personal endeavor, and that the inherent compassion of human nature would serve to regulate the evils thought, by Burke, to gain ascendancy if the current system should fall. This 7 page paper examines the positions each man took on the issue of property. Rousseau's position can be found within his Discourse On The Origins Of Inequality, while Burke presents his argument in his Reflections On The Revolution In France. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: KTpropty.wps

Thomas Paine's 'Rights Of Man', Jean Jacques Rousseau's 'Discourse On Origins Of Inequality' And Edmund Burke's 'Reflections Of The French Revolution': Democracy
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6 pages in length. The writer discusses the essential preconditions for democracy as they relate to Thomas Paine, Jean Jacques Rousseau and Edmund Burke. No additional sources cited.
Filename: TLCdmocr.wps

Democracy
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Democracy is commonly defined as a political process and associated with the mechanism of electoral rule, however, it is ineffably intertwined with the processes of government, economics and cultural mandates. This 5 page paper argues that all three of these great philosophers: Mill, Rousseau and Tocqueville, would agree to the statement, 'Democracy is not a mechanical device, it is, rather, a living organism that can only flourish in certain kinds of social soil'. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KTdemcry.wps

Rousseau and Locke/The Pursuit of Happiness
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A 6 page analysis of Locke's 'Second Treatise of Government,' and Rousseau's 'Discourse on the Origin of Inequality.' The writer argues that both of these scholars were particularly concerned with how the citizenry went about pursuing the public's unalienable right to those activities that they felt were most likely to bring them financial security and a reasonable amount of satisfaction‹the 'pursuit of happiness.' No additional sources cited.
Filename: 90locke.rtf

The State And Market Economy According To Locke and Rousseau
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This 8 page report discusses the opinions of John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau as they viewed the state and the market economy as two of the most important institutions in society. Their ideas are compared and contrasted. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: Lockruss.wps

“The Social Contract” of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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This 12 page report discusses Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) and his writing “The Social Contract” (1762). Rousseau was an undeniably keen thinker and was equipped with the weapons of the philosophical century and with an inspiring eloquence. To that eloquence he added a pronounced egotism, self-seeking, and an arrogance that led to bitter antagonism against his revolutionary views and sensitive personality. The central concept in Rousseau’s thought is “liberty,” and, as a result, most of his works deal with the mechanisms through which humans are forced to give up their liberty. Most modern political and social scientists believe that it was in the publication of The Social Contract that Rousseau reached the pinnacle of his political and philosophical development. Pretensions of rugged individualism and distrust of all civil authority of his early writings gave way to the construction of a positive political society. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: BWjjrcon.wps

Alienation: Comparing Rousseau's And Marx's Views
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This 5 page report discusses the concept of alienation and the role it plays in the determination of political thought. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: Alienvi.wps

Authority To Punish According To Rousseau And Locke
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This 5 page report discusses the philosophies of John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau in relationship to the authority of the polity to punish criminal behavior. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: Punish1.wps

Human Nature and Political Theory / Comparisons of Hobbes, Rousseau, Marx, and Kant
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This 9 page paper reflects upon the arguments of Hobbes, Rousseau, Marx and Kant regarding the nature of mankind, human nature in general, and the impact on the development of the best possible regime based on the assumptions presented. This paper considers the philosophers’ views of goodness, selfishness and depravity (or evil) and the way in which these elements impact a perspective on political theory. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: MHHUMAN.wps

Locke And Rousseau: Inequality And Community
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6 pages in length. The concepts of inequality and community were well documented by two eloquent historical figures: John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau. The writer discusses that both critical thinkers looked upon inequality as society's downfall is no coincidence, inasmuch as both men also asserted that community did not hold the value they believed it should for the level of commitment it requires from its commonalty. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TLCrouss.wps

Permissibility of Inequality According to John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau
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This 5 page report discusses how and when inequality is permissible in human society. English philosopher, John Locke (1632-1704) focuses primarily on the framework of justifiable and workable government, all other issues and ideas as they relate to humanity can be explained and elaborated upon in that relationship. In comparison, Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) most often expounded on his view that science, art, and social institutions have corrupted humankind and that the natural, or primitive, state is morally superior to the civilized state. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BWlrouss.wps

Rousseau & Marx/Ideas on Property
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A 5 page essay (plus one page outline) that compares the similarities between the philosophies of Karl Marx and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: khrukm.rtf

Rousseau -- First and Second Discourses / A Return to the Past
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A 5 page paper that supports Rousseau's arguments for a return to the past based in his First and Second Discourses. This paper provides an overview of Rousseau's perceptions of society, including the new focus on knowledge, and demonstrates the way these perceptions developed his belief to move back to the past and a religious focus on morality. The primary source is cited.
Filename: Rousseau.rtf

Rousseau and the Origins of Inequality
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5 pages in length. According to Jean Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx, human history involves the progressive actualization of human nature, and social, political, economical racial and sexual oppression are contrary to the true nature of humanity. This paper focuses on this insight. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: JGArsseu.wps

Rousseau's 'Emile'
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This 5 page report the book 'Emile' by 18th century philosopher and writer Jean Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau's principle that man is 'naturally good' is expounded on in 'Emile.' No additional sources cited.
Filename: Emile2.wps

Rousseau's 'The Social Contract'
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A 5 page paper which examines Rousseau's famous assertion, 'Man is born free yet everywhere he's in chains,' and evaluate how this claim is legitimized in the treatise, The Social Contract. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: RousSC.wps

Sexual Equality And Rousseau
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The writings of Rousseau form a significant component of the political philosophies that have guided the establishment and form of government in the United States. This 5 page paper argues that Rousseau's discourse on inequality can be seen to present the argument that civil society, as opposed to the natural state of man, must acknowledge the equality of the sexes inasmuch as the rules that once governed man in his natural state are no longer applicable. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: KTsexros.wps

Conrad & Freud/Views on Civilization
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A 5 page analysis of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Sigmund Freud's Civilization and its Discontents that argues that both of these authors held similar views relative to civilization and its role. No additional sources cited.
Filename: 90confr.wps

John Locke & Western Enlightenment
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5 pages. An overview of the philosophies of John Locke and how these philosophies contributed to Western Enlightenment and were incorporated into documents such as the United States Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Lockwest.wps

John Locke's 'Second Treatise On Government'
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A 5 page paper discussing John Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government. Questions of the nature and scope, as well as the purpose of the worker are analyzed alobg with the role of the individual in society. No additional sources cited.
Filename: Locke2nd.wps

John Locke's 'Second Treatise On Government' / Property
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A 5 page paper discussing Locke's argument for 'property' and its social implications. Bibliography lists the text of Locke's treatise.
Filename: Lockprop.wps

John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
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This 5 page paper provides an overview of the John Locke's views on substance and essence related in his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. This paper outlines the views of Locke relating to the primary text. No additional sources cited.
Filename: MHLocke3.wps

Locke And Arendt On Toleration
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A 4 page research paper which examines Hannah Arendt's The Human Condition and John Locke's A Letter Concerning Toleration. The writer argues that the roots of Arendt's philosophy goes back to Locke as the differences between their points of view are discussed. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Lock9.wps

Morality And God
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5 pages in length. Morality is possible only if there's a God, inasmuch as there exists no objectivity in the concept of morality; rather, it is merely a matter of opinion or feeling. Sure, people can reach consensus about empirical, scientific matters of fact. But moral matters aren't matters of fact. Indeed, people are bound to disagree with one another when it comes to issues of right and wrong, which ultimately avails only two options: one can either believe in God and know objective truth about morality, or one can abandon all belief in God as a means by which to allow the world to plummet straight into moral chaos. Can any individual truly want to live in a world in which morals are completely relative and anything is permissible? Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: TLC_God.wps

Spinoza's Conception of God
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This 5 page paper assesses Spinoza's position as it explores different ideas about God. Descartes and Leibniz are also discussed. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: SA017Spn.rtf