Lessons from the Congo
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This 7 page paper examines the problems in Congo. The war is discussed in depth. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: SA618Cgo.rtf

Letter to Senator: Female Circumcision
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An 8 page letter to Senator Hillary Clinton, addressing the problem of female genital mutilation (FGM) in Africa and requesting that the Senator become involved in the campaign against it. Includes statistics on the percentage of girls undergoing FGM in African nations and the types of FGM they generally receive. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: KSfemCircLetr.rtf

Liberal Constitutionalism Vs. Majority Rule
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An 8 page review of the theories of Fareed Zakaria and Heinz Klug. This paper relies on examples from around the world but places a particular emphasis on South Africa. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPSouthAfricaConstitutionalism3.rtf

Liberian Cultural Values/A Personal Viewpoint
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A 3 page essay that focuses on Liberian cultural values as a guide to personal and professional ethics. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: khliber.rtf

Lilliputians and Shaka Zulu
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An 8 page paper which compares the culture and practices of the Lilliputians, from Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," and Shaka Zulu. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: RAlillip.rtf

Literature: Post-Colonial Strife:
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This 4 page paper examines the following stories in regards to the issue of post-colonial strife: "The Heart of Redness", "Anil's Ghost", and "Sozaboy". Furthermore, this paper illustrates how the characters in these stories are confronted with strife and how they proceed to overcome the strife that occurs in their experience. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: GSHrtRed.rtf

Liverpool and the slave trade
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A paper which looks at the importance of the slave trade to the commercial and economic growth of Liverpool, and the extent to which slavery influenced the development of the Black community in the city. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: JLslavtrd.rtf

Lives of the Pharaohs
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A 5 page discussion of the material culture and spiritual belief of the ancient Egyptians. An extensive discussion, based largely on Pierre Montet’s “Lives of the Pharaohs”, is included on the architecture of these peoples and of what we know about their spiritual beliefs. The author of this paper emphasizes that although the time period spanned by ancient Egypt and the number of rulers which played in its history is tremendous, throughout its entirety the archeological record serves as a clue to the values and lifeways of these fascinating peoples. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: PPegpPhr.rtf

Mafeking Diary
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Occasionally, history is very much like a tossed coin: it lands on one side and that is the story that is heard, it falls on the other side and a completely different and equally accurate story enfolds. This 5 page paper explores the siege of Mafeking during the Anglo-Boer war as it is presented by Sol Plaatje in The Mafeking Diary. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: KTmafkng.wps

Mahdi of the Sudan (Muhammad Ahmad Ibn As-Sayyid' Abd Allah)
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A 7 page overview of the life and military accomplishments of this Sudanese ruler. Traces the life of the Mahdi from his religious seclusion to his defeat of British General Charles George Gordon and the seizure of Khartoum in 1884 and his death from typhus in 1885. Concludes that the Mahdi was in power only four years yet during that short time he succeeded in wielding his military might to build an Islamic state which stretched from central Africa to the Red Sea. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPmahdi.wps

Majority Rule and Economic and Political Development
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An 8 page review of the 4 sources.theories of Fareed Zakaria and Heinz Klug. This paper relies on examples from around the world but places a particular emphasis on South Africa. Bibliography lists
Filename: PPSouthAfricaConstitutionalism.rtf

Male Status within Ibo Society and Its Loss after the Arrival of the White Missionaries
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This is a 4 page paper discussing male status in Ibo society and its loss after the arrival of the white missionaries and colonization. In traditional African Ibo society there were several different circumstances and symbols which led to male status. Male status depended on age, the family unit, community position, and wealth which were all related in addition to social aspects including the number of wives, courage in warfare, and self-esteem among other factors. The Ibo society was well structured based on the status of men, and women gained their status from the men to which they were married. The introduction of the white missionaries in the Ibo communities led to a disruption of the religion and political systems which were traditionally based on the male hierarchy, democracy and consultation with the Oracles. Once these structures were taken away, lawlessness overtook the villages which led to the imposition of white governmental rule. Important Ibo status factors such as the family and community units, polygamy and male position within the village were also taken away depriving the communities of the political and social symbols which once led their cohesive society. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: TJIbost1.rtf

Mali and the Descriptions of Ibn Battuta
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A 5 page overview of the writings of Ibn Battuta in Ibn Battuta in Black Africa as they relate to Mali. The author of this paper contends that to understand Battuta’s perception of Mali it is first necessary to understand something of the man himself. Battuta made a diligent effort to understand the sometimes foreign situations and events he found himself taking part in but it is important for the historian undertaking an analysis of this text to remember that his understanding was greatly tempered with his own cultural norms and values. No additional sources are listed.
Filename: PPmali.rtf

Mali: The Economic and Social Development of Africa’s Second Sudanic Empire
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An 8 page overview of the ancient history of Mali. This paper introduces Mali from the point of its origin in the thirteenth century and traces its history through its disintegration in the fifteenth century. Bibliography lists sources.
Filename: PPafMali.rtf

Malnutrition - Kwashiorkor
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A 10 page paper. Kwashiorkor is a complicated form of malnutrition in that the simple addition of food does not cure it. It is caused by a lack of protein in the diet and almost always occurs in infants and children who have been weaned from their mother's breast milk and given a diet of starches and carbohydrates with little or no protein. This essay discusses the incidence of the disease, the symptoms, diagnosis, the differences of this form of malnutrition, treatment interventions, and recent research regarding kwashiorkor. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PGkwsh.rtf

Manchester Conferences / Africa 1945, 1990
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A 4 page essay on the differences between these two conferences in terms of attendees, stated goals, aftermath and ongoing consequences. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Africonf.wps

Mandela
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A paper which looks at the important role played by Nelson Mandela in the development of the modern South Africa, and the way in which his theories of civil rights and social justice can be applied to the political situation in other countries. Bibliography lists 3 sources
Filename: JLmande.rtf

Marjorie Shostak’s “Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman”
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This 6 page report discusses Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman by Marjorie Shostak (1981). The story of Nisa herself reveals a world that still exists but that most Westerners have only experienced through National Geographic documentaries. During nearly two years Shostak spent interviewing !Kung women in the Dobe area of northwestern Botswana, in the northern Kalahari Desert, she did make connections, especially with 50-year-old Nisa. Bibliography lists only the primary source.
Filename: BWnisa.rtf

Market Entrance To Africa
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A 6 page paper. A fictitious company wants to enter the market in Africa. This paper discusses three options: licensing, opening a subsidiary and exporting. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: PGafgad.rtf

Maternal Mortality in Ethiopia
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A 16 page paper discussing the problems of maternal mortality and maternal health, which have reached critical mass in Ethiopia and remains problematic in other regions of the world as well. It is most common in those areas of intense poverty as evidenced by the areas of the world in which maternal mortality ratios are highest, but it also affects the profession in those areas of the world in which it is of far less consequence. The problem as it exists in the US and other developed nations is nearly negligible when considered in light of its magnitude in developing countries, particularly the poorest of those countries. The purpose here is to assess the problem of maternal mortality in Ethiopia and how it and the local health care profession can affect each other. Bibliography lists 16 sources.
Filename: KSnursPracEth.rtf

Maternal Mortality; Burkina Faso, Chad, Botswana and South Africa
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This 89 page paper is a comprehensive in-depth review examining the literature concerning maternal mortality in Sub-Sahara Africa with specific attention to two countries with poor maternal mortality rates; Chad and Burkina Faso, and two countries where the rate has been improved; Botswana and South Africa. The papers starts by examining the extent of the problem in Sub-Sahara as a whole and then in the four countries chosen by looking at the profile of the countries and then quantifying the level and range of the problem in each of the countries. The next section of the paper examines the causes of the maternal deaths, looking at physical causes including, but not limited to, sepsis, haemorrhage, unsafe abortion and obstructed labour. In addition the social and political causes are also considered. The next section considers the interventions in Sub-Sahara Africa, including the Safe Motherhood Initiative (SMI) and each of the four countries including public policies and the way that interventions have taken pace. The paper ends with a comparison of the countries, a discussion and recommendations for the future. The bibliography cites 26 sources.
Filename: TEmatmort.rtf

Matisse & Safir on "Dance"
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A 7 page research paper that contrasts and compares Matisse's painting "Dance" with Natalie Safir's poem "Matisse's Dance." The writer argues that Safir attempts to capture the primitive exaltation of the nude dancers in Matisse's painting. An examination of Safir's verse and Matisse's painting demonstrates that Safir is highly successful in capturing the essence of Matisse's genius. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: khmatsaf.rtf

Military intervention in humanitarian missions
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A paper which considers the pros and cons of military action in peacekeeping missions, with particular reference to the ambush at Mogadishu and the importance of effective strategic planning and communication. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: JLpeacekeep.rtf

Missions in Colonial Sierra Leone
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An 8 page paper discussing the religious development of colonial Sierra Leone, created for freed former slaves returned to Africa from other countries. Sierra Leone is unique among African nations in that it was created by outside forces for a highly specific reason. It would provide a missions field holding individuals already acquainted with the message that missions sought to promote. The missions of the colonial period were highly successful with individuals, but were unable to translate that success to the nation. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: KSrelSierLeon.rtf

Monogamy & Polygamy
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This 10 page paper examines the practices of monogamy and polygamy and concludes that monogamy is the best choice. The conclusion comes after an examination of a variety of cultures that have allowed for multiple spouses. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: Monopoly.wps

Morocco as a Tourist Destination
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This 3 page paper examines Morocco as a potential tourist destination. The paper looks at the general background of the country; transport to, and within, Morocco; accommodation; climate and attractions. The bibliography cites 3 sources.
Filename: TEmorocco.rtf

Morocco: A Cultural Collage
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6 pages in length. Morocco's twelve-hundred-year history is equally interspersed with characteristics of "an ancient kingdom and a new nation" (Rinehart, 1991, p. PG); when one looks back at what is one of the world's oldest states, one cannot help but harbor a deep respect for the manner by which Morocco emerged against similar conditions that plague current-day developing countries. Two of the most difficult of all challenges Morocco has faced throughout its extensive history reflect its "struggle for legitimacy by ruling dynasties and the seemingly contradictory evidence of remarkable institutional continuity in the midst of political disunity, ethnic diversity, and tribal discord" (Rinehart, 1991, p. PG). Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TLCMorocco.rtf

Nadine Gordimer
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This 15 page paper explores the cultural components of Nadine Gordimer's life and experience in order to better understand her novels, The Lying Days and A World Of Strangers. Bibliography lists 20 sources.
Filename: KTgormer.wps

Nationalism and Decolonization in Sierra Leone
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A 7 page paper discussing Sierra Leone’s origins and journey through decolonization on its way to gaining its independence in 1961. The path of decolonization in Sierra Leone followed a pattern common in other colonies gaining their independence from a foreign power. Those in leadership positions initially looked to the occupying power for assistance, then for freedom and self-determination. Such was the case in Sierra Leone, which led Africa in various freedom movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: KSsierLeoneNat.rtf

Nationalism and Decolonization in Sierra Leone, Mid-20th Century
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A 7 page paper discussing some of the attitudes, events and issues leading to greater nationalism in Sierra Leone that eventually won its independence from Britain in 1961. The paper discusses the contributions of Adelaide Casely Hayford in the 1920s; I. T. A. Wallace-Johnson in the 1930s; and Sir Milton Margai, Sir Albert Margai and Sir Ernest S. Beoku-Betts in the 1940s and 1950s. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: KSsierLeoneNat2.rtf

Nationalism And The Postcolonial State In Africa: Woman's Point Of View
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14 pages in length. The writer discusses what the concept of rights truly means in relation to African gender inequity, with the general consensus reflecting the respect for and appreciation of one's own unrestricted distinctiveness amidst the broader social spectrum. This is the basis upon which contemporary African women's human rights groups glean their strength and continue to move forward in their quest for equitable gender treatment. Bibliography lists 12 sources.
Filename: TLCAfNatlWm.rtf

NATO in Africa
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This 5 page paper discusses the way in which NATO's mission has expanded to include Africa, and how it should be conducted. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: HVNATOAf.rtf

Nawal: An African Child
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A 3 page paper which presents the hypothetical case of a young African girl named Nawal. The paper examines what the risks are and what hope may be present for her future. Bibliography lists 2 sources.
Filename: RAnawal.rtf

Nelson Mendela, "an ordinary man."
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(5 pp) Personal tribal history, and sheer force of will propelled Nelson Mendela into politics; it is unlikely that apartheid would have been abolished with his tenacity, and organizational skills. To say that the right person was in the right place at the right time is not to negate any of Medela's skills, but neither can time and situation be ignored. According to Brink (2000), Mandela himself argues, that "I was not a messiah, but an ordinary man, who had become a leader because of extraordinary circumstances." Bibliography lists 6 sources
Filename: BBmndla.doc

Neo-Liberalism in Australia’s Social Support System
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Before the mid-1990s, public policy was based on a welfare state in which the government was viewed as the answer to all societal ills. For example, in the circumstance where a person was without employment, that person would be assisted by the government with financial support. This changed with globalization, the end of the Cold War and the global market economy. Emulating their new fiscal outlooks, governments began applying “fiscal restraint” to all government policies and programs, which has become one of tenets of the neo-liberal discourse. Bibliography lists 12 sources. jvNeolib.rtf
Filename: jvNeolib.rtf

New Zealand & Zimbabwe Domestic Politics
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A 7 page research paper. At one time domestic and international politics could be evaluated as somewhat separate topics. In the contemporary world this is no longer, as international events penetrate domestic politics and domestic politics frequently have international repercussions. This principle is demonstrated with large states and also within small states such as New Zealand and Zimbabwe. The writer discusses this topic in relation to both of these countries. Bibliography lists 6 sources.
Filename: khzeazim.rtf

Ngangura Mweze's "Life Is Rosy" / "La Vie Est Belle"
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5 pages in length. La Vie Est Belle (Life Is Rosy) by Ngangura Mweze is a wonderfully funny story about love, social acceptance and the trouble people will go to achieve both in their lives. Director Mweze took a story line completely different from the typical African cinematic representation and offered the public a more carefree approach to life than is so common of African films. Indeed, Mweze has a reputation of reaching out and inviting his audience to experience with him the sometimes intense and often comical sense of being that is clearly portrayed within his cinematic work, with La Vie Est Belle serving as a fine example. No bibliography.
Filename: TLCrosy.wps

Ngugi wa Thiongo’s “The River Between”
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This is a 7 page paper discussing Ngugi wa Thiongo’s novel “The River Between” (1965). Ngugi wa Thiongo’s novel “The River Between” tells the story of the division between two Kikuyu communities in regards to their adherence or denial of the Western and Christian beliefs and education. The story takes place in the late 1920s and 1930s and tells of the division between the two communities which are divided between the Christians and the non-Christians. Ngugi uses several elements within his work to highlight the division between the communities. Firstly, he portrays a visual division in his description of the landscape which consists of the two communities on “antagonistic” ridges facing each other across the river. Secondly, he highlights one of the traditional rituals, circumcision, to show how the inclusion of the ritual in one community leads to a different social and gender structure than that of the Christian community which has been educated that circumcision is a “sin”. Regardless of the education however, the community left without circumcision does not feel that all of the stages to adulthood are met in the Christian religion. The novel also includes several mythological elements by Ngugi which are found to be traditional “savior” elements consistent with literary and religious themes across all religions. In the case of “The River Between” however, the savior elements are once again related to the land which must be conserved and protected against the invading colonists. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: TJNgugi1.rtf

Ngugi Wa Thiongo’s Weep Not, Child:
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This 6 page paper discusses this novel which is set in Kenya during the Mau Mau rebellion. Issues such as the uprising, the colonial situation and land issues are examined both from a historical context as well as in terms of this novel. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: GSWeepNt.rtf

Ngugi’s “Petals of Blood” and Achebe’s “Arrow of God"
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This 5 page report discusses the Kenyan novelist Ngugi wa Thiong’o, also known as James Ngugi (1938 - ) and his fourth novel, “Petals of Blood” (1977). The book serves as both a sarcastic and bitter indictment against the leaders of post-independence Kenya and how they betrayed the country. Chinua Achebe (1930 - ) of Nigeria is one of Africa’s best-known and most honored writers. His “Arrow of God,” the second of Achebe’s novels of colonialism, takes place in the 1920’s after the British have established a presence in Nigeria. No secondary sources.
Filename: BWngugi.wps